量子计算与密码学分析、风险与对决策者的建议

Quantum Computing and Cryptography:Analysis,Risks,and Recommendations for Decisionmakers

当前,美国一部分决策者、学者和分析人士非常关注量子计算对国家安全的影响。他们认为量子计算的科学进步是一场具有重大国家安全后果的竞赛,也是正在形成的美中对抗的一部分。据称,这场对抗的获胜者将能够以比当前加密技术更高的安全性来保护自己的秘密。本文认为量子计算的优势被高估了,在现代密码的保护下,如何保证秘密信息的长期安全性,使其不受未来量子计算机的攻击,是当前需要关注的主要挑战。

Some influential American policymakers,scholars,and analysts are extremely concerned with the effects that quantum computing will have on national security.They view scientific advancement in quantum computing as a race with significant national security consequences and a part of the emerging US-China rivalry.It is claimed that the winner of this race will be able to thwart all the cryptographic efforts of the loser and gain unfettered access to any state secret of the losing government.Additionally,it is suggested that the winner will be able to protect their secrets with a higher level of security than contemporary cryptography guarantees at the moment.This paper argues that these three claims are considerably overstated.Maintaining the long-term security of secret information secured by contemporary cryptographic protections,which will fail against an attack by a future quantum computer,is the predominant challenge needing attention.