论儒学与诗的发展流变

On the Development and Changes of Confucianism and Poetry

以诗史的几个发展阶段孔孟荀至两汉、建安风骨、陶潜及唐代杜韩,说明诗的流变——内容和形式与儒学有内在联系。上述诗之特殊面貌的出现,内在原因皆由于儒学之变化。孔子对诗作了自觉反思,肯定抒情诗对生活的重要性,指出生活诗意化的方向。孟荀让诗转向政治化史诗化,导致建安风骨的建立,直接影响盛唐。陶潜田园诗乃生活诗意化的实现,开出诗之清新自然之抒情新流派。陶诗之自然乃孔门“风于舞雩,咏而归”之自由和愉情怀,非庄子“不与世俗处”之山林自然。“不义而富且贵,于我如浮云”“君子忧道不忧贫”,乃陶诗之精神风骨。已出文学史多归陶于庄,实大谬不然。评诗乃对诗的诠释,与评诗者之精神学养密切相关。

This article uses several development stages of the history of poetry Confucius,Mencius and Xunzi to the Han Dynasty,Jian'an Style,Tao Qian,and Du Fu,Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty to illustrate the evolution of poetry—its content and form are inherently related to Confucianism.The internal reasons for the emergence of the special features of the above poems are all due to the changes in Confucianism.Confucius made a conscious reflection on poetry,affirmed the importance of lyric poetry to life,and pointed out the direction of poetic life.Mencius and Xunzi turned poetry into politicized and epic,which led to the establishment of Jian'an style,which directly affected the prosperous Tang.Tao Qian's pastoral poetry makes life poetic realization,and opens up a new genre of fresh and natural lyric poetry.The nature of Tao's poetry is the freedom and joy of Confucianism,which is"enjoy the breeze among the rain altars,and return home singing",not the mountain and forest nature of Zhuangzi."Unrighteous and rich and noble,like a cloud to me.""A gentleman is worried about the ethics but not about the poor"is the spiritual character of Tao Qian's poems.Most of the history of literature has been attributed to Tao Qian in Zhuangzi,which is wrong.Commenting on poetry is the interpretation of poetry is closely related to the spiritual cultivation of the critics.