梯度养老:渐进城市化中的农民养老模式及农地角色分析——一项基于嵌入理论视角的田野研究

Gradient-aged Care:An Analysis of the Aged Care Mode and the Rural Land Role in Rural Area during the Progressive Urbanization:A Field Study Based on the Perspective of the Embedded Theory

强调农地社保的“乡土养老话语”与强调土地流转的“社保养老话语”对农民养老与农地制度改革关系争论激烈。本文以河南省L村一组为田野案例,以动态嵌入为分析框架,审视农民养老与农地制度关系问题,考察当下养老议题中老年农民、农地制度、市场及三代家庭之间的互动机制。研究发现,在经济性增强的同时,老人种地行为更深度地嵌入“渐进城市化”的新家庭核心任务之中;农民养老过程呈现“梯度养老”模式:不同年龄层次的老人以土地双重市场价值为基础,利用市场层级格局,积极融入子代家庭城市化的代际合力之中,形成相应社会性养老支持体系;除了精神依托及社保功能之外,农地还具有使老人保持与市场良性互动、支持子代家庭城市化的积极功能。农地制度及养老政策需围绕老年农民在家庭“渐进城市化”中的新角色及“梯度养老”模式,针对具体养老问题做好制度供给与政策兜底。

There is a heated debate on the relationship between farmers’ old-age care and rural land system reform.Taking L village in Henan province as a field case,this paper finds that the old farmers’ farming is deeply embedded in the family task of "progressive urbanization".It also presents a "gradient-aged care" model:based on the dual market attributes of the rural land,elderly people of different ages take advantages of the market hierarchy to actively integrate into the intergenerational forces of the urbanization of their children’s families and form corresponding social pension support systems.Rural land also has the positive function of enabling the elderly to maintain benign interaction with the market and supporting the urbanization of their children’s families.The rural land system and old-age care policy need to focus on the role of old farmers in the "progressive urbanization" of the family and the "gradient old-age care" model,and make a good supply of policies for specific old-age care issues.