海德格尔“存在”概念中被遮蔽的语言维度——阿多诺的分析及其启示

The Hidden Linguistic Aspect of Heidegger's Concept of Being--Adorno's Analyze and its Inspiration

阿多诺认为,当孩子问为什么凳子叫凳子的时候,这不仅涉及存在者而且涉及存在,即字词和它所涉及的对象的非同一性。海德格尔所说的存在就是用来命名这种非同一性的。海德格尔所设想出来的存在的语言就是把不能用语言表达的非同一的东西表达出来。而“存在”这个词之所以能够发挥这样的作用,是因为在实存判断中,“是”除了它的日常意义之外还有存在论的意义,即它表示主词和谓词之间的不可还原性,表示它们之间的综合联系。但是,海德格尔把作为系词的“是”独立出来,用它表示弦外之音,而这恰恰堵塞了表达弦外之音的可能性。他的这种做法其实就是将不可表达的东西直接表达出来。他之所以这样做是因为他采纳了现象学的方法,把存在看作是可以直接呈现的东西。由于存在是把主观和客观结合在一起的,而存在的呈现其实就是用存在的语言说出它自身。这种语言是无主体的语言,它缺乏语言的辩证法。

Adorno thinks that when child asks about why stool is called stool,this not only talks about beings but also about Being,namely about the non-identical of words and their reference.Heidegger's socalled Being is used to name the non-identical.The language of Being which is imagined by Heidegger is to express what cannot be expressed.That the word“Being”could be used to play this role is just due to that in existential judgment,“being”has the ontological meaning except its ordinary meaning,namely it could mean the irreducibility of subject and object,could mean the synthetic relation of them.But Heidegger makes the copra independent,and uses it to represent overtones.However this just makes it impossible to express the overtones.What he does is just directly to express what could not be expressed directly.The reason why he does it like this is that he adopts the method of phenomenology,renders Being as something that could appear directly.It is just because Being is coming from the combining of subject and object that the appearance of Being becomes the language which Being speaks about itself.This language is a language without subject.It lacks the dialectics of language.