人民本位:马克思主义民主话语的立论前提

People-orientedness: The Premise of Marxist Democratic Discourse

马克思主义的民主话语坚持“人民本位”,拒斥“个人本位”,但它决不是将个人消弭在人民的普遍性概念之中,而是有着对个人本位民主话语的清醒认识。它既看到后者对个人自由的守护,也看到它固有缺陷对个人自由的限度。首先,作为存在论前提,人民本位规定了马克思主义民主话语不仅要求人民的“在场”,更强调人民的“出场”。其次,作为本质论前提,坚持人民本位的民主话语实现的是分属于不同家庭、阶层与社群中的人民的“有机团结”,即有差异的同一。最后,作为目的论前提,坚持人民本位的民主话语是要解决个体与类,特殊利益与普遍利益的历史性矛盾,以实现人在自由人联合体中的彻底解放。关于马克思主义民主话语立论前提的讨论,有助于当代中国的民主政治建设贯彻以人民为中心的理念。

Marxist democratic discourse adheres to“people-orientedness”and rejects“individual-orientedness”.However,it does not exclude the individual from the universal concept of the people,but has a clear understanding of the democratic discourse of individual-orientedness.The Marxist discourse in this regard sees not only the function played by the concept of individual-orientedness to protect personal freedom,but the limitation of its inherent defects on individual freedom as well.Firstly,as the premise of ontology,the people-orientedness stipulates that the Marxist democratic discourse not only requires the“presence”of the people,but also emphasizes the“presentation”of the people.Secondly,as the premise of essentialism,adhering to the people-oriented democratic discourse realizes an“organic unity”of people belonging to different families,social strata and communities,that is,achieving an identity with differences.Finally,as the premise of teleology,adhering to the democratic discourse of people-orientedness is to solve the historical contradictions between individuals and humankind,and between the special interests and the general interests,so as to realize the complete liberation of human beings in the commonwealth of free men.The discussion on the premise of Marxist democratic discourse is helpful in implementing the concept of people-centeredness in the construction of democratic politics in contemporary China.