核查与艾森豪威尔政府禁止核试验谈判(1957—1960)

Nuclear Inspection and the Eisenhower Nuclear Test Ban Talks during 1957-1960

核查是艾森豪威尔时期禁止核试验会谈中引起最大争论和美国政府内部讨论最多的问题,也是这一时期达成禁止核试验协议的主要障碍和挑战。尽管核查是核裁军协议必不可少的要素,但在冷战背景下,艾森豪威尔政府把禁止核试验与对苏冷战结合起来,核查从而被高度政治化,异化为打开苏联社会大门的手段和美国继续进行核试验的借口,成为实现其军事和政治外交战略诉求的工具和冷战的有吸引力的抓手。苏联同样把禁止核试验作为对美冷战的工具,尽管表现出一定灵活性,但始终坚持核查是不必要的。由于无法找到共同立场,会谈常常陷于相互指责中,导致不断出现中断危机,最终因为U-2飞机事件而功败垂成。

Nuclear inspection was the most controversial and discussed issue in the Eisenhower nuclear test ban talks.It was also the main obstacle and challenge in achieving a nuclear test ban agreement in this period.Although nuclear inspection was an essential element of a nuclear disarmament agreement,the Eisenhower Government combined the ban of nuclear test with the cold war against the Soviet Union.Thus,nuclear inspection was highly politicized and alienated as a means of opening the door of Soviet society and an excuse for the U.S.to continue nuclear test.It became an instrument for fulfilling its strategic military,political and diplomatic demands and an attractive grasp of the cold war.The Soviet Union also took the ban of nuclear test as a means of the cold war against the U.S.,insisting that nuclear inspection was unnecessary despite of some flexibility.Because of the inability to find out common ground,the talks were often mired in mutual recriminations,leading to ongoing disruptions and to a final failure due to the U-2 aircraft incident.