中国武术格斗技理管窥——基于明清武术典籍引兵法论武技之范例研究

Chinese Wushu Fighting Techniques from Art of War Quotes in Wushu Classics of Ming and Qing Dynasties

基于8篇明清武术典籍引用《孙子兵法》等古典兵法论武技的范例研究表明,中国武术格斗技理博大精深。它既有“武必有势、势变藏法”之“势法”技理、“审势趋危、避实击虚”之“审势”技理,亦有“示形诱敌、不致于人”之“调敌”技理、“进锐退速、势险节短”之“乘势”技理、“常山蛇势、形圆不败”之“整合”技理。其中,“势法”为基,凡武必有势而藏法,无势法则无谓武术,而“审势”重在弱点突破,“调敌”旨在造势设伏,“乘势”贵在节奏到位,“整合”要在身法统领,它们各有所侧重,亦有所交融。以《孙子兵法》为代表的中国古典兵法,是中国武术格斗技法理论的重要源泉,明清武术典籍堪称运用古典兵法妙论武术技理的垂范之作。

The case study based on 8 Wushu classics of Ming and Qing Dynasties citing classical art of war such as The Art of War to study Wushu shows that Chinese Wushu fighting techniques are extensive and profound.It has the technique of“Shi and its operation method”as in“Wushu must have Shi and Shi is changeable”,the technique of“judging Shi”as in“judging Shi to avoid the strong and attack the weak”,the technique of“mobilizing the enemy to follow my rhythm”as in“mobilizing and trapping the enemy”,the technique of“using Shi”as in“advancing and retreating rapidly to control the combat distance”,and the technique of“integration”as in“to be rounded and flawless like Changshan snake”.Among them,“Shi and its operation method”is the basis.Any Wushu must have Shi that hides changes.Without Shi,there is no Wushu.The others have each their own emphasis while blending into each other.“Judging Shi”focuses on attacking weak points.“Mobilizing the enemy to follow my rhythm”aims to create illusions and set ambushes.“Using Shi”depends on the rhythm,and“Integration”requires the body to move in harmony.The classical Chinese art of war represented by Sun Tzu's The Art of War is an important source of the theory of Chinese Wushu fighting techniques,and Wushu classics of Ming and Qing dynasties are exemplary works applying classical art of war in the study of Wushu techniques.