基于红色名录的大型真菌保护现状及中国的对策

Status of Global Macrofungal Conservation Based on Red Lists and Suggestions for A Comprehensive Strategy in China

全球大型真菌多样性十分丰富,具有重要的生态价值和经济价值,然而大型真菌多样性正受到过度采挖、栖息地遭破坏、气候变化和环境污染的威胁。全球至少有36个国家开展了国家水平的大型真菌灭绝风险评估,并发布了官方红色名录。一些国家和组织机构基于红色名录制定实施了一系列大型真菌的保护与管理措施。笔者梳理了国际上大型真菌灭绝风险评估的状况,以及相关法律法规、保护政策与行动计划、就地保护与管理方面的经验,并提出了我国大型真菌保护与管理对策。

Macrofungi are immensely diverse across the world,with 21679 species identified and classified.They play important roles in key ecosystem processes and also have economic values.However,macrofungi diversity is under threats from excessive excavation,habitat destruction,climate change,and environmental pollution.At least 36 countries assessed extinction risk for their domestic macrofungi resource and released their national Red List assessments of macrofungi.Some countries and organizations have established and implemented a series of protection and management measures on marcofungi conservation based on their Red Lists.Macrofungi are protected by law in 14 countries in Europe.The Strategy for Fungal Diversity Conservation was recently in the UK recently.Action plans for selected threatened fungi have been drawn up in the UK,Sweden,Switzerland,Estonia and other European countries.In Chile,there is a pioneering legislation requiring the inclusion of macrofungi in environmental impact assessments.Macrofungi are directly protected through the Endangered Species Act(ESA)and the Survey and Manage Standards and Guidelines of the Northwest Forest Plan(SMNFP)in the United States.The implementation of SMNFP was remarkably successful on macrofungal conservation across the world,contributing to the study and protection of hundreds of fungi.Based on the above mentioned macrofungal protection experiences,we suggest to release a list of protected species of macrofungi in China with the national legislation;develop conservation strategies and action plans for the endangered macrofungi species;assess the role of nature reserves and strengthen the management of important habitats;build one district,one herbarium and 5 databases;and establish an online information platform for macrofungi resource in China.