英帝国与美国革命初期的黑人军队——以南部殖民地为中心的考察(1775-1778)

British Empire and Black Regiment in Early Stage of the American Revolution:A Focused Study on Southern Colonies,1775-1778

美国革命初期,黑人军队问题在英帝国中心和英属北美的南部殖民地引起广泛关注。在弗吉尼亚殖民地,总督约翰·穆雷组建了一支黑人军队以镇压爱国者的政治叛乱。而在伦敦,囿于国内人民的反对和其他因素的制约,英帝国中央政府最终否决了组建黑人军队的提议,转而联合土著印第安人和白人效忠派。为了回应帝国中央政府所执行的政策,南部殖民地的爱国者试图阻止非洲奴隶反叛、白人效忠派起义和印第安人造反。详细考察黑人军队问题有助于我们认识南部殖民地在美国革命初期的特点、政治主体的多样性以及英帝国中心与南部殖民地在政治关系上的变化。

In the early stage of the American Revolution,black regiment attracted widely attentions in both metropolitan Britain and Southern colonies of British North America.In Virginia,governor John Murray established a black regiment for appeasing political revolts led by the Patriots.While in London,due to opposition of domestic Britons and other factors,the imperial government ultimately rejected proposal of arming African slaves.On the contrary,the imperial government allied with Native Americans and white Loyalists.Responding to policies enforced by the metropolitan government,the Patriots of the Southern colonies tried to stop slave revolts,white loyalist insurrections and Indian rebellions.A detailed consideration of black regiment is helpful for us to recognize the characteristics of Southern colonies in the early stage of the American Revolution,diversities of political subjects,as well as the political change between the imperial metropolis and the Southern colonies.