语序在汉诗诸体中的功能演变及诗学启示

Functional Evolvement and Poetic Inspirations of Word Order in Various Styles of Poetry in Han Dynasty

语序指句子中语词的排列顺序。在近体诗中,语序倒置是一种自觉的艺术行为,常被古人称为"诗家语"和"诗家妙法"。与其他语法形式一样,语序在古今诗歌中的变化,也经历了自然—变形—自然的"U"字形轨迹。其在近体诗中之所以大量出现,主要是出于对韵律对仗的迁就,客观上也能造成复义、朦胧和陌生化等艺术效果,因此具有一定的文字必要性和文体合理性。然而随着文体的演变,它的重要性呈逐步下降趋势。对于这一文学遗产,应有一个辩证认识:既不能否定它的历史作用,也不可夸大它的艺术功效。语序在汉诗中的历史演变给新诗建设的启示是:正如抓住格律不放手并未抓住新诗要领一样,纠缠于语法修辞的细枝末节,也没有抓住新诗建构的核心。新诗问题的核心是诗的内容与文的形式的统一,离开了诗性这一要核,包括语序在内的一切艺术手段,都是没有意义的文字游戏。

Word order refers to the arranging sequence of words in a sentence.In modern style poetry,inverted word order is a natural art behavior,which was often termed by the ancient people“words of poets”and“a genuine way of poetry”.Like other grammatical forms,the changes in word order in poetry so far also experienced the U-shape curve from the natural order to the transformed order,and then back to the natural order.Its frequent appearance in modern history mainly attributes to the compromise to rhythmical antithesis.It also objectively creates ambiguity,obscurity and unfamiliarity,hence its literal necessity and stylistic rationality.However,along with the evolvement of styles,it importance is on the decline.We should view this literary legacy dialectically,that is,its historical significance cannot be denied,yet its artistic effect can not be exaggerated,either.The inspiration we can get from the evolvement of word order in Han poetry is as follows:Just as too much stress on rhythms misses the gist of new poetry,too much obsession with grammar and rhetoric also misses the core of new poetry construction.The core of new poetry is the consistency between the content of the poems and the stylistic forms.Without the poetic quality,any artistic means including word order,will be meaningless word games.