论侵权法中恶意的界定及运用

Definition and Application of Malice in Tort Law

恶意是无正当理由故意导致他人损害的不当动机。恶意不同于故意,恶意是动机的一种,故意是直接导致法律后果的主观状态,是引起某种确定的直接结果的意图。恶意行为包含故意行为,故意行为未必是恶意行为。英美法系侵权法通过判例发展恶意侵权,大陆法系通过对侵权法一般条款进行法律推理发展恶意侵权。一般侵权责任中,恶意是判定过错和损害赔偿范畴的重要考量因素。恶意是恶意诉讼、恶意通谋、滥用职权以及恶意抢注商标等具体恶意侵权类型的构成要件,不当动机和滥用权利使这些恶意侵权区别于一般侵权和其他特殊侵权类型,使形式合法的行为变为实质非法行为。好的动机不能使非法行为合法化,行为人行使权利的根本目的是造成他人损害时,该种恶意动机能够使形式合法的行为构成侵权。

Malice is improper motive causing damage to others without justifications.Different from intent,malice is one kind of motives.Intention is the subjective status to cause direct legal consequence and the intent to cause the definite and direct consequence.Malicious action can embrace intentional action while intentional action may not include malicious action.The common law system developed malicious tort by case law while the civil law system developed malicious tort by inducing from the general article of tort law.Malice is the assistant factor to define fault and the realm of compensation in general tort.Malice is the essential element in the specific malicious torts such as malicious prosecution,conspiracy,abuse of rights and snatching the trademark.The improper motive and abuse of rights will make these torts distinguished from the general tort and other special torts.Good motive cannot make illegal action legal but when the actor’s primary purpose is to cause damage,the very motive will make the legal action actionable.