从至善命题的第三者考察至善的可能性——关于康德至善论的一项先验论研究

On the Possibility of the Highest Good from the Third Thing of the Proposition of The Highest Good——A Transcendental Study of Kant's Theory of the Highest Good

在解答“至善如何可能”这个问题上,康德其实给出了三种论证视角,即悬设论、道德目的论和先验论。不同于《纯粹理性批判》和《实践理性批判》中的悬设论和《判断力批判》中的道德目的论,在《纯然理性界限内的宗教》中,康德提供了一种先验论的视角,这一论证是通过提出至善命题是一种实践的先天综合命题,并对该命题做出先验论的说明而实现的。在至善命题中,主词乃是作为配享幸福之条件的德性或义务概念,而谓词是幸福。为了使至善命题的主词和谓词的必然联结成为可能,就需要一个将二者联结起来的第三者,这就是上帝。至善命题的提出及解答不仅凸显了康德先验哲学的提问方式,而且体现了他试图从先验论的视角论证“至善如何可能”的问题,其至善论由此也得到了一项新的诠释。

In solving the question of"how is the highest good possible",Kant actually gives three argumentation perspectives,namely,postulation theory,moral teleology and transcendentalism.Unlike the postulation theory in Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of Practical Reason,and the moral teleology in Critique of Judgment,in Religion Within The Boundaries of Mere Reason,he gives the argumentation perspective of transcendentalism,which is realized by putting forward the idea that the highest good proposition is a kind of prior synthetic and practical proposition,and making a transcendental explanation for the proposition.In the highest good proposition,the subject is the concept of virtue or obligation as a condition for the enjoyment of happiness,while the predicate is happiness.In order to make possible the necessary connection between the subject and predicate of the highest good proposition,the third thing is needed,which is God.The highest good proposition not only highlights the way of asking questions in Kant's transcendental philosophy,but also reflects his attempt to demonstrate the question of"how is the highest good possible"from the perspective of transcendentalism,thus obtaining a new interpretation of the theory of the highest good.