面向原子制造的框架核酸研究进展

Recent progress of frame nucleic acids studies towards atomic fabrications

框架核酸是核酸分子通过自组装形成的一维到三维的框架结构,不仅能精准定位功能基元,还可实现在纳米甚至原子级尺度上进行力学、光学和电学等物理性质,以及单分子水平化学与生化反应的精准调控.利用框架核酸对物质进行原子级的人工自组装,可实现基本构筑单元的精准物理排布与功能化集成,进而实现器件制造,有望推动从原子到宏观的精确功能化的制备.本文围绕框架核酸和原子制造两大前沿的交叉领域,阐述框架核酸在原子级精准构筑方面的可行性和优势,首先介绍了具有原子级精准性的框架核酸的构建,以及利用框架核酸进行功能化组装的一般策略,然后着重探讨框架核酸在器件构筑方面的研究进展,最后就面向原子制造的未来发展方向进行了展望.

In recent years,the technology of traditional integrated circuit fabrication is facing a huge challenge.As the top-down lithography gradually approaches to its size limit,the development of atomic-scale precise fabrication for functional devices has already become a major scientific issue at present and might become a breakthrough in the development of information technology in the future.With the reference of the bottom-up self-assembly,which is the basic principle of constructing various advanced structures in living systems,the integrated assembly of atoms can be gradually constructed through a series of operations such as capturing,positioning,and moving atoms.The advent of framework nucleic acids(FNAs)happens to provide a new platform for manipulating single atom or integrating multiple atoms.As is well known,the nucleic acids are not only the carriers of genetic information,but also biological building blocks for constructing novel microscopic and macroscopic materials.The FNAs represent a new type of framework with special properties and features,constructed by nucleic acids’bottom-up self-assembly.With the improvement of chemical synthesis and modification method of nucleic acids,various molecules and materials,such as fluorophores,nanoparticles,proteins,and lipids,can be spatially organized on FNAs with atomic precision,and these functionalized FNAs have been widely explored in the fields of biosensing,biocomputing,nano-imaging,information storage,nanodevices,etc.Based on the features of precise addressability,superior programmability and tailorable functionality,FNAs can be used for implementing the artificial self-assembly of objects with atomic precision to realize the precise arrangement in spatial and functional integration of basic assembly units,and even prompt the development of device fabrication from atomic scale to macroscopic scale.This review focuses on the intersection of FNAs and atomic fabrication,giving a systematically description of the feasibility and advantages of precisely atomic fabrication with FNAs from three aspects.First,the DNA/RNA nanoarchitectures from static state to dynamic state and general strategies for programmable functionalization of FNAs are briefly introduced.Then the applications of FNAs in device fabrication are highlighted,including single molecule reactors,single molecule sensors,nanodevices for cargo loading and transporting,nanophotonics,nanoelectronics and information processing devices.Finally,an outlook of the future development of atomic fabrication with FNAs is given as well.