北京故宫养心殿正殿大木构架特征分析

Characteristics of the Wooden Frame of the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex,The Forbidden City

养心殿区位于北京故宫内廷西六宫的南侧,现存建筑始建于明嘉靖十六年(1537),虽经后代改建修缮,但其整体格局完整,主体建筑大部分为明代遗构。文章结合历史档案,通过大量案例分析,并与宋《营造法式》和清工部《工程做法》相关制度进行对比研究,从平面型制、梁架结构、天花藻井、斗栱做法、木材材质等方面对养心殿正殿大木构架特征进行了分析,推断出养心殿正殿梁架仍为明代嘉靖时期的遗物。并基于对养心殿正殿前抱厦的构造特征分析,推断抱厦为明嘉靖十六年至清康熙十九年之间(1537-1680)添建。文章对养心殿设计手法与法式特征的揭示,能够为紫禁城建筑断代研究提供依据,并为进一步研究明代官式建筑大木法式特征补充实物例证。

The architectural complex of the Mental Cultivation Hall(Yangxindian) is located to the south of the Western Six Palaces. The remaining buildings were originally constructed in 1537 under the reign of the Jiajing emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The layout and major architectures are still from the Ming Dynasty, though they have experienced later restorations. This article analyses and summarises the characteristics of the wooden frame of Yangxindian from the aspects of the layout, the structure, the ceiling, the bracket sets, and the wooden materials. It combines historical documents, case studies and comparisons with Yingzao Fashi(Building Standards) of the Song Dynasty and Gongcheng Zuofa(Structural Regulations) by the Qing Dynasty Ministry of Works. It is hypothesised that the wooden frame of the main hall is the remain of the Jiajing period(1522–1566) of the Ming Dynasty. Furthermore, an analysis of the structural features of the portico of the main hall reveals that it was most likely added between 1537(under the Ming) and 1680(under the Qing). The design approach and characteristics in the structural standards of Yangxindian can provide basis for the dating of the Forbidden City architecture, adding physical examples to the further studies of the features of wooden structural standards for official-style architecture under the Ming Dynasty.