基于材料真实性建立中国木质建成遗产历史森林保护区的设想

An Assumption on the Establishment of Historical Forest Reserves of the Wooden Built Heritage in China Based on Material Authenticity

木质建成遗产实现《威尼斯宪章》及《奈良真实性文件》所谓遗产真实性及多样性的前提是保证材料的真实性。国际古迹遗址理事会(ICOMOS)于1999年及2017年先后两次对木结构历史建筑维修与替换的树种做出要求,特别是在2017年颁布的《木质建成遗产保护准则》中强调了要建立历史森林保护区及风干木材仓库,以保证木质建成遗产的真实性。木质建成遗产所使用的木材种类研究及科学分类,是建立历史森林保护区的前提。文章针对中国京、晋、津、陕、沪、浙、蜀、黔、粤等地的部分木质建成遗产的树种,采用木材解剖学方法,在实验室鉴定分析的基础上进行了植物学分类总结。提出建立中国历史森林保护区的三点初步设想:培育中国木质建成遗产建筑用材树种、沿水运交通路线建立中国历史森林保护区,以及根据木质建成遗产用材现状合理配置中国历史森林保护区的树种比例。历史森林保护区的建立将保障木质建成遗产的可持续修复材料的供给。完善并加强中国木质建成遗产木材的种类及应用历史研究,能够为从遗产保护角度建立中国历史森林保护区提供理论支持。

The premise of achieving the authenticity and diversity of the International Charter for Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites and the Nara Document on Authenticity 1994 is to ensure the material authenticity of wooden built heritage.In 1999 and 2017,ICOMOS made requests of wood species for the maintenance and replacement of wood structures.The Principles for the Conservation of Wooden Built Heritage issued in 2017 specially emphasised the establishment of historical forest reserves and warehouses of seasoned timber to ensure the authenticity of wooden built heritage.Moreover,researches and scientific classifications of wood species used in wooden built heritage is a prerequisite for the establishment of historical forest reserves.In this paper,the wood species of wooden built heritage in Beijing,Shanxi,Tianjin,Shaanxi,Shanghai,Zhejiang,Sichuan,Guizhou and Guangzhou provinces are analysed with the method of wood anatomy and summarised in botanical classifications based on the authentication and analysis in laboratory.Furthermore,the paper puts forward three tentative ideas to establish historical forest reserves in China:cultivating trees for Chinese wooden built heritage,establishing Chinese historical forest reserves along waterway transportation routes,and rationally adjusting the proportion of wood species in Chinese historical forest reserves based on current material conditions of wooden built heritage.The establishment of historical forest reserves in China will ensure the sustainable supplement of restoration materials for wooden built heritage and improve further researches on wood species and their applications in history.This article aims to provide theoretical support for the establishment of Chinese historical forest reserves.