垃圾分类的道德社会学省思

Morality Sociological Reflection on Garbage Sorting

道德社会学的基本任务是分析揭示道德规范的社会根源、社会功能及其作用方式。作为现代社会正常运行和人们正常生活之“集体需要的压力”所要求的社会行为方式,垃圾分类已成为生活于现代社会的人们的基本责任和义务。对于社会成员个体来说,责任和义务都是其行为中的“必须”而不是“可以”。但凡那些行为者个体难以直接体认到它的好处而只感觉到它在时间、精力、物质上带来的付出与损失,但在公共道德的层面上又属于“必须”而非“可以”范畴的行为,通常要依靠负面刺激即处罚制裁来加以型塑,垃圾分类就属于此类。在制定规定公民行为之“必须”的规则时须注意三点:“必须”必须建基于“必需”;“必须”应该尽可能照顾人性习惯、常情常识;“必须”必须立足于对违规者执行充分有效之制裁的可能。

The basic task of morality sociology is to analyze and reveal the social roots of moral norms,their social functions and the way they function.As a form of social behavior required by the"collective demand pressure"for the normal functioning of modern society and the normal life of people,garbage sorting has become the basic responsibility and obligation of people living in the modern society.For individual members of the society,responsibilities and obligations are"musts"rather than"cans"in their behavior.For behavior individual actors find difficult to perceive as benefiting,but tend more to sense only the costs and losses in terms of time,energy and material,which are also"musts"rather than"cans"in terms of public morality,it is common to use negative incentives,i.e.,sanctions for its shaping.So it is in the case of garbage shaping.There are three points to keep in mind when developing rules that prescribe the"musts"of citizens’behavior:the"musts"have to be based on"necessity";the"musts"should respect people’s habits,human nature,and common sense;the"musts"have to be based on the feasibility of enforcing adequate and effective sanctions against offenders.