清代两淮盐场的灶户保甲及其与州县保甲之别

Differences between the Baojia System of Salt Producers in Lianghuai Saltworks from Prefectures and Counties in the Qing Dynasty

清代保甲制度在盐务系统的推行,强化了对基层灶户的监控,重在源头上稽查和告发私盐。文章重点考察两淮盐场保甲制的产生与实施、内容与特点,以及与州县民户保甲的区别,揭示灶户保甲在清代的适应性生成和演化的问题。一方面,食盐国家“专卖”体制,决定了灶户保甲的“专制”主义特色,组织化的保甲制与火伏制,共同构成盐务系统的基层治安网络。另一方面,灶户保甲的废弛,折射了保甲制“集体性惩罚”的悖论,“厉而不严”,实质是社会衰败在盐务系统的突出表现与反映。

The implementation of the baojia system in salt industry in the Qing Dynasty strengthened the supervisory control to salt producers,focusing on the source of inspection and prosecution of illegal salt.This paper researched on the emergence,implementation,contents and characteristics of the baojia system of Lianghuai saltworks,between from the baojia system of prefectures and counties,and revealed the problems of the adaptive generation and evolution of the baojia system of salt producers in the Qing Dynasty.On the one hand,the salt state“monopoly”system determined the characteristics of the“despotism”of the baojia system of salt producers,and the organized system of baojia and huofu constituted the basic public security network in the salt industry.On the other hand,the abolishment of the baojia system in Lianghuai saltworks reflected the paradox of“collective punishment”of the baojia system,which was the prominent performance and reflection of the social decline in the salt system.