新一代区域贸易协定对非歧视待遇与商业考虑条款的重塑

Reshaping of the Obligations of Non-Discrimination and Commercial Consideration in the New Generation of RTAs

近年来,基于竞争中立的国有企业章节已经成为美欧主导的自由贸易协定中的一个主要议题。特别是,通过发展和完善非歧视待遇和商业考虑条款,强化了对国有企业的规制。非歧视待遇和商业考虑条款并非完全基于竞争中立,而是蕴含着对所有制的歧视和遏制国有企业发展的意图,但也必须承认其合理性。其中的商业考虑义务对国有企业的要求与中国国有企业改革的方向是一致的。因此,对于中国而言,在参与国有企业规则谈判中,应厘清竞争中立与国有企业的关系,联合以国有经济为主的发展中国家,提出国有企业国际规制的诉求;参照缔约方做法,争取更多的豁免与例外;通过国企改革对竞争类国有企业进行商业化改造以减少国际社会对国有企业不正当竞争的担忧。

In recent years,the chapter on state-owned enterprises(SOEs)based on competitive neutrality has become a major topic in U.S.-EU-led free trade agreements.In particular,the regulation of SOEs has been strengthened through the development and improvement of the obligations of non-discriminatory treatment and commercial consideration.After close examination,it is found that,although the obligations of non-discriminatory treatment and commercial consideration are not neutral to ownership,the obligations thereof are consistent with the direction of reform of China’s SOE.Therefore,when participating in negotiations on SOE rules,it would be better for China to clarify the relationship between competitive neutrality and SOEs,and treat non-discriminatory treatment and commercial consideration rationally.Additionally,it is necessary for China to push forward its reform on SOEs through commercialization of competitive SOEs so as to reduce the concerns of western countries about SOEs’unfair competition in international trade.