明清正定府县列女构成及对当时社会的影响——以《乾隆正定府志》记载为主

Formation of Paragons of Womanhood in Zhengdingfu County in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and Its Influence on the Society

明清时期封建专制统治达到顶峰,对封建礼教也越发推崇。在此背景下,女性承受来自各方面的压力,尤其是在男尊女卑的等级制度下,女性处于劣势地位。依据《乾隆正定府志》中对明清时期正定列女类型、守节的起始时间、守节时长、寿命、守节方式等分析可知,明清妇女失去丈夫后,在贞节观念、妇德教育、政府旌表奖励、社会动荡、家庭因素下,大多数妇女有"节"或者"烈"的行为。在守节的过程中,列女表现出吃苦耐劳、勇敢无畏、孝顺公婆、抚育子女成才等优良品质,这有利于家庭关系的改善,良好社会风尚的形成,对社会具有一定的导向作用。但是,在提倡"男尊女卑"的社会下,列女受到封建社会思想的禁锢,表现出的一些迷信消极行为应受到批判。

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the feudal autocratic rule reaches its peak, and the corresponding feudal ethical code becomes more and more respected. In this context, women are under pressure from various quarters, especially under the hierarchy of male superiority to women, women are in a disadvantaged position. According to the analysis of Zhengding’s female types, starting time of observance, length of observance,lifespan, and manner of observance in Ming and Qing Dynasties in Zhengding Mansion, it can be seen that after the loss of husband, women in Ming and Qing Dynasties are affected by the concept of chastity, woman’s moral education, government under the circumstances of rewards, social unrest, and family factors, most women behave "feast" or "violently". In the process of observing the festival, the females shows good qualities such as hardworking,courage and fearlessness, filial piety to parents-in-law, and raising children to become talents. This is conducive to the improvement of family relations, the formation of good social customs, and has a certain guiding effect on society.However, in the society that advocates "male superiority to female inferiority", the females are imprisoned by feudal social thought, and some superstitious and negative behaviors should be criticized.