人工智能致损对传统《侵权责任法》的挑战及立法回应

The Challenge of AI Damage to Traditional Tort Law and Legislative Response

【目的/意义】人工智能致损侵权带来了侵权责任主体如何确定、适用何种归责原则以及能否以现有特殊侵权责任规则处理等问题。【设计/方法】解决人工智能致损侵权问题要从人工智能的本质属性出发,确定人工智能侵权责任类型,并依据人工智能的特殊性进行制度调整。【结论/发现】人工智能不具备民事主体的要素,人工智能仍属于产品的范畴,应改进产品责任制度调整人工智能侵权责任。鉴于人工智能设计行为的复杂性与独立性,未来立法要将设计者增加为人工智能产品责任的责任主体承担无过错责任。人工智能产品设计缺陷难以证成,要对设计缺陷实行举证责任倒置,同时为防止人工智能“故意”危害人类,其产品缺陷标准应加入伦理道德规范。

[Purpose/Significance]The tort caused by artificial intelligence(AI)damage has brought some problems,such as how to determine the subject of tort liability,what imputation principle should be applied,and whether the current regulations on special tort liability can be used.[Design/Methodology]To solve the problem of tort caused by AI damage,we should start from the nature of artificial intelligence,determine the type of tort liability of AI,and adjust the system according to the particularity of AI.[Findings/Conclusions]AI is a product rather than a civil subject,therefore,its product liability system should be improved and its tort liability should be adjusted.Given the complexity and the independence of AI design behavior,the designer will bear liability without fault as the AI products’liability subject in law in the future.Since it is difficult to justify the design defect of AI products,shifting of burden of proof for the design defects is a must.Meanwhile,code of ethics should be added to the standards of product defects to prevent the AI product“intentionally”endangering human beings.