Beyond Wigner’s Isobaric Multiplet Mass Equation:Effect of Charge-symmetry Breaking Interaction and Coulomb Polarization

Heisenberg introduced the concept of isospin to describe different charge states of the nucleon,where the proton(p)and neutron(n)are treated as an isospin T=1/2 doublet distinguished by different projections.As one of the most important predictions in nuclear physics.