顾炎武《日知录·禁酒》的王道酒政观

“Propriety Before Punishment”:Gu Yanwu's View on Rice Wine Administration of Kingcraft An Interpretation of the Chapter of“Prohibition”in RI Zhi Lu

顾炎武一生于酒,经历了年轻时的好酒善饮、中年后的即兴畅饮和晚年时的非礼勿饮。《日知录·禁酒》之意并非提倡禁止酿酒、买卖酒和饮酒,顾炎武在其中所提“先礼后刑”的酒政理念表明,他是继承了自孔子以来的传统儒家“德治”思想,而主张“以德治酒”:先之以酒礼之教,后之以酒刑之罚。其“禁酒”概念属于“后刑”范畴,是指当以酒礼教民无效或失效时对涉酒的悖礼之事所采取的惩戒手段。在顾炎武的酒政思想中,酒礼与酒刑在政治功效上是相辅相成的,它们构成王道酒政的两个方面:酒礼是防酒患于未然,酒刑是惩酒罪于已然。

Gu Yanwu experienced a fondness for drinking in his youth,an impromptu drinking in his middle age,and a sobriety in his old age.The purpose of the chapter of“prohibition”in RI Zhi Lu is not to advocate the prohibition of brewing,trading and drinking,that is,not to oppose brewing,trading and drinking in a general sense.The first sentence of this article expresses the idea of“propriety before punishment”,which shows that the author completely inherits the traditional Confucian idea of“rule of virtue”and advocates“rule of drinking by virtue”.The education of rice wine etiquette comes before the punishment for rice wine crime.The concept of“prohibition”in this article belongs to the category of“post punishment”.In the author's thought of rice wine administration expressed in this article,rice wine ceremony and rice wine punishment complement each other in political effect,and they constitute two aspects of rice wine administration of kingcraft:wine ceremony is to prevent rice wine trouble in advance,and wine punishment is to punish the crime which has happened.