试析汉墓砖砌穹窿顶的分类

Discussion on Types of the Bricky Domes of Tombs of the Han Dynasty

汉墓砖砌穹窿顶,根据外部形制可以分为四面结顶式、四隅券进式和圆锥形穹窿顶,根据内部构造可以分为拱壳穹窿顶和叠涩穹窿顶。四面结顶式穹窿顶从四边起券,外部有对角线接缝;四隅券进式穹窿顶从四角起券,外部有"十"字形接缝;圆锥形穹窿顶四角内收成圆形再结顶,外部无缝。汉代砖室墓中四面结顶式和四隅券进式穹窿顶均为起券的拱壳穹窿顶,圆锥形穹窿顶则可以分为发券的圆锥形拱壳穹窿顶和不发券的圆锥形叠涩穹窿顶。西汉晚期,洛阳地区的工匠发明了四面结顶式穹窿顶,之后这一技术和穹窿顶的理念向四周广泛传播。东汉中期以后,圆锥形拱壳穹窿顶集中出现在以广州为中心的岭南地区,圆锥形叠涩穹窿顶则零星分布在北方和岭南地区。东汉晚期,四隅券进式穹窿顶首先出现在长江中游地区。

According to the external shape,the bricky domes of tombs of the Han Dynasty can be divided into domes topping off from four sides,domes topping off from four corners and cone-shaped domes.According to the internal structure,they can be divided into arch-shell domes and corbelling domes.There is a diagonal joint on the outside of a dome topping off from four sides and a cross-shaped joint on the outside of a dome topping off from four corners.Four corners of a cone-shaped dome are folded into a circle,making the dome seamless.In the bricky tombs of the Han Dynasty,both domes topping off from four sides and topping off from four corners are arch-shell domes,while cone-shaped domes can be divided into arch-shell domes and corbelling domes.In the late Western Han Dynasty,craftsmen in Luoyang invented domes topping off from four sides.The technology and the concept of dome were widely spread around thereafter.The arch-shell cone-shaped domes concentrated in Lingnan area with Guangzhou as the center since the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty,while the corbelling cone-shaped domes were scattered throughout northern China and Lingnan area.The domes topping off from four corners first appeared in the middle reach of the Yangtze River in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.