谢·米·索洛维约夫历史书写与国家观念评析

Analyses and Comments on Sergei Mikhailovich Soloviev’s Historical Writing and Conception of State

谢·米·索洛维约夫是19世纪中叶俄国史学史上"国家学派"最有代表性的历史学家,是19世纪俄国知识界西方派的代表人物。29卷本《远古以来俄国史》系统体现了他的国家观念:长时段地研究俄国国家历史,赋予俄国历史统一性和整体性;俄国历史的发展规律是从氏族部落组织向国家转变;地理因素在塑造俄国历史独特性方面有重要影响。索洛维约夫兼顾俄国国家历史发展统一性与独特性的历史书写,回答了19世纪俄国如何选择历史发展道路问题。索洛维约夫开创性地研究了17世纪俄国历史,肯定俄国向西方学习的历史意义;通过回答"诺曼问题"和"鞑靼问题"建构俄国国家认同;认为地理因素决定了东欧与西欧、俄国南部与北部发展不平衡的历史格局,也是俄国向西方学习和完成统一的深层动力。这一系列历史解释为俄国1861年改革做了理论与话语准备,也体现了索洛维约夫历史书写的现实关怀。

S.M.Soloviev is the most representative historian of“state school”in Russian historiography of history in mid-19th century and representative scholar of western school in Russia academia in 19th century.History of Russia from the Earliest Times in 29 volumes embody his idea of state systematically:inquiring history of Russian state over a long period of time,endowing Russia history with unity and integrity;the law of Russian history is changing from clan tribal organizations to the state;geographical factors have an important influence on shaping the uniqueness of Russian history.Soloviev gave consideration to the unity and uniqueness of Russian state historical development and answered the question of how Russia chose its historical development path in the 19th century.Soloviev made a pioneering study of Russian history in the 17th century,affirming the historical significance of Russia’s learning from the West;he constructed Russian national identity by answering“Norman question”and“Tatar question”;geographical factors determined the unbalanced pattern of development between Eastern and Western Europe,as well as between north and south of Russia,and are deep drive of Russia’s learning from the West as well as achieving unification.This made a theoretical and discourse preparation for the reform of Russian serfdom in 1861 and also displayed the contemporary concerns of Soloviev’s historical research.