中国食用豆产业和种业发展现状与未来展望

Current Status and Future Prospective of Food Legumes Production and Seed Industry in China

食用豆在中国粮食组成、人类健康、土壤改良中占有重要地位,尤其是在贫困地区作为蛋白质的主要来源。随着食用豆基因组相继被破译,推动了食用豆分子遗传基础和分子育种研究。国家食用豆产业技术体系成立以来,育成了一批高产、优质、抗病虫、耐逆、适宜机械化收获的食用豆新品种,集成了一批适合不同产区的栽培技术,病虫害绿色防控技术的研发与应用取得了良好的防治效果,生产机械与技术研究初显成效,产后加工技术提升与产品创新研究促进产业提质增效。随着食用豆新品种新技术的示范与推广,食用豆总产和单产水平显著提高,特别是在过去十年内蚕豆、豌豆由干籽粒生产转变为鲜食菜用生产,食用豆种植面积提高了21.1%,单产提高了3.9%,总产提高了36.8%。随着食用豆产业规模不断扩大,越来越多的食用豆种被列为国家农产品地理标志产品,正在形成一批农业企业品牌。在食用豆产业的带动下,品种权保护与转让数量逐渐增多,食用豆种业开始起步发展。随着人们健康意识的提高,国内外市场需求快速上升,国家乡村振兴战略的实施和农业供给侧结构性改革的推进,大力培育壮大贫困地区特色优势产业,给食用豆生产和种业带来了新的机遇;但是中国食用豆生产和种业也面临生产成本较高、生产效率低、科研平台建设有待加强、缺乏突破性大品种、品种权保护力度不够等诸多挑战。本文在总结中国食用豆产业和种业的现状与问题的基础上,讨论了其未来的发展方向。

Food legumes play an important role in food composition,human health,and soil improvement in China,especially as the main source of protein in poverty-stricken area.With the deciphering of the genome of food legumes,the molecular genetic basis and molecular breeding of food legumes have been promoted.Since the establishment of China Agricultural Research System(CARS)in 2008,a number of cultivation techniques suitable for different regions were integrated,and many food legumes varieties with High yield,high quality,diseases and insects resistance,resistance to stresses and suitable for mechanized harvesting were bred,the research and application of green pest prevention and control technology produced a marked effect,the research on production machinery and technology had achieved initial effects,and the improvement of post-production processing technology and product innovation research promoted the quality and efficiency of the food legumes industry.With the demonstration and popularization of new food legume varieties and new technologies,the total yield and yield per unit area of food legumes increased significantly.In particular,the production of faba bean and pea were transformed from dry grain production to fresh vegetable production in the past 10 years.The planting area increased 21.1%,the yield per unit area increased 3.9%,and the total yield increased 36.8%.With the continuous expansion of the food legume industry scale,more food legumes are listed as geographical indication of China’s agricultural products,and a number of agricultural enterprise brands are being forming.With the stimulation of the food legume industry,the number of variety rights protection and transfers is gradually increasing,and the food legume industry is emerging.With the improvement of people’s health awareness,domestic and foreign market demand is raising rapidly,the implementation of the rural vitalization strategy,the advancement of agricultural supply-side structural reform,and the development of the featured and advantageous industries in poor areas have brought new opportunities to the food legumes production and seed industry.However,the food legumes seed industry still has some problems,such as high production cost,low production efficiency,scientific research platform construction is still need to be strengthened,lack of elite varieties,and insufficient awareness of variety rights.On the basis of summarizing the present situation and problems of food legumes production and seed industry in China,this paper discusses the future development direction of food legumes production and seed industry.