商夷战争与商王朝军事机制研究

The Study over the Warfare of Shang Dynasty against Dongyi Tribes and the Military Mechanism of Shang Dynasty

殷商时期的夷方主要位于山东东南,向南迤及江苏、河南、安徽交界地区的淮水流域。夷方是商的主要敌人之一,也是其军事扩张的首选目标。商晚期自商王文丁以后多次用兵夷方,商王在出征前通常会举行祭祀,向代表上帝、祖先及“大邑商”的神灵求取福佑。商夷战争虽整体历时数年,但战事持续时间通常在一旬左右,反映了战争规模不大,目的在于压服夷方,获得人口及土产资源等。商王朝征夷方的主要军事力量是商王所率领的军队,包括贵族的家族武装。此外,商王在边域设置的侯是重要的辅助力量,作为商王亲信的“小臣”亦参与了军事活动。商王朝还在边域及交通线上广设据点,供军队驻扎、补充给养。

In Yin Shang Dynasty,the territory of Yifang referred to the areas of the southeast of Shandong and southward to Huaishui River Basin,the border area between Jiangsu,Henan and.The tribes of Yifang were one of the main enemies and the first military expansion target for Shang.Since his succession to the throne in the late Shang Dynasty,King Wen Ding of Shang had sent troops to attack Yifang for several times.Before the troops went for a battle,the King of Shang often held a sacrificial ceremony to ask for the God's,ancestors'and Dayishang deities'blessings.The warfare of Shang Dynasty against Dongyi Tribes was for years as a whole,but the battles lasted for 15 days respectively,reflecting the small scale of the battles.In doing so,Shang aimed to suppress Yifang,obtain population and local product resources,etc.The main military force in the warfare of Shang Dynasty against Yifang was the army led by the King of Shang,including the armed forces of the nobles of Shang.Besides,"Hou",a high official position set by the King of Shang in the border areas,played an important role in supporting the battles;and"Xiaochen",a trusted follower of the King of Shang,also participated in military activities.The imperial court of Shang also established various strongholds in border areas and along traffic lines to station and replenish supplies for the troops.