叶尼塞河碑铭所见唐代黠戛斯的社会生活

The Social Life of Qirqiz in the Tang Dynasty Shown in Yenisei Inscription

唐代黠戛斯通过与唐、吐蕃两大政权结盟以对抗突厥、回鹘的方式活跃于草原大漠,还曾攻灭回鹘汗国,短暂成为草原霸主,是当时一个重要的游牧民族。叶尼塞河流域发现的突厥鲁尼文碑铭,为我们了解唐代黠戛斯的社会经济文化提供了重要的第一手资料。从碑铭内容来看,唐代黠戛斯男子约在15至16岁步入成年,随后成婚并担任重要职务;信仰方面,牛、虎与鹿是族群的主要图腾,“乌玛”女神是其祖先崇拜的重要标志,摩尼教信仰在族群内已经开始流行;经济方面,游牧占据主要地位,马、牛、羊是其主要牧产,农耕、狩猎则作为生计的补充。

In the Tang Dynasty,Qirqiz(or Xiajiasi)was an important nomad and burst onto the prairie and the desert in central Asia.It allied with Tang and Tubo to fight against Tujue and Uighur,ever attacked and conquered Uighur Khanate,and temporarily became the superpower on the prairie.The Tujue Runic inscription found in Yenisei River Basin provides important first-hand information for us to know the society,economy and culture of Qirqiz in the Tang Dynasty.As shown in the inscription,a Qirqiz man grew up at an age of 15 or 16,then got married,and held an important position.In terms of belief,cow,tiger and deer were their main totems,the Goddess of Uma was an important symbol that their ancestors worshiped,and Manichean belief already started to spread in this tribe.In terms of economy,nomadism was a major driving force,horse,cow and sheep were main livestock,and farming and hunting were supplements to livelihood.