论孔子“中庸之德”及思想体系

On"Virtue of Golden Mean"and Ideological System of Confucius

雅斯贝尔斯在《大哲学家》中将孔子定位为“思想范式”的创造者。孔子的思想范式是“以仁入礼”,其理论形态是由中庸贯通学而、仁学、礼论形成的君子学说。孔子论中庸,首先定义“中庸之德”,然后赋予其“中正”和“不损”双重规范:由于中正,“中庸之德”应普遍遵循;因为“不损”,“中庸之德”不可逾越。从修习讲,持守“中庸之德”,是调节个人利害和生活,达到心正,涵养仁德;从践行论,持守“中庸之德”,做到行正,实现公道,维护社会秩序。“中庸之德”既是“中正之道”;亦是“不损之德”。其“不损”的行为原则,只是“己所不欲,勿施于人”;其“中正”的功能发挥,就是日用伦常。

In his Great Philosophers,Jaspers identified Confucius as the creator of"ideological paradigm".Confucius'ideological paradigm is to know"Li(courtesy)"through"Ren(benevolence)"and theoretical form is the gentleman theory composed of learning with golden mean,doctrine of benevolence and theory of courtesy.In discussing golden mean,Confucius first defined the"virtue of golden mean"and developed"justice"and"completeness"norms for it.Therefore,the"virtue of golden mean"should be widely followed due to"justice"and should be insurmountable due to"completeness".In terms of learning,adherence to the"virtue of golden mean"will facilitate the balance between personal advantages and disadvantages and the adjustment of personal lifestyle,to achieve inner quietness and develop kindheartedness.In terms of practice,adherence to the"virtue of golden mean"will keep behaviors correct,achieve fairness,and maintain social order.The"virtue of golden mean"is the"doctrine of justice"and the"doctrine of completeness".Wherein,the"completeness"is a principle of conduct but stresses"treating others in the manner that you would like to be treated";and the"justice"promotes the maintenance of daily proper human relationships.