魏晋自然审美之竹篇

On Bamboos of Natural Aesthetics During Wei and Jin Dynasties

魏晋时期人们对竹的审美欣赏可总括为两个方向、四条路径。两个方向谓客观式欣赏与主观式欣赏。客观式欣赏包括对竹形、竹态的外在形式美欣赏和以竹性、竹功为核心内涵的内在欣赏。主观式欣赏两条路径是以竹比德和以竹言情。形式美欣赏、以竹比德和以竹言情三条路径形成当时及后世中华竹审美之主流。然而立足于当代环境美学和环境伦理学视野进行反思,上述主观式欣赏的两条路径不利于自然审美的真正独立,其人化自然的内涵具有浓重的人类中心主义痕迹。魏晋时期竹审美的发展实质性地形成"四君子"和"岁寒三友"的优势自然审美对象,竹审美从自然审美领域进入文学、绘画与音乐领域,"丝竹"概念更是代表了中国古代音乐崇尚自然的理念。

The aesthetic appreciation on bamboos during Wei and Jin dynasties can be summarized into two directions and four approaches.The two directions are objective appreciation and subjective appreciation.The former includes the external appreciation of formal beauty such as the shape and posture of bamboos,and the internal appreciation that takes nature and function as its core connotation.With regard to the latter,the two approaches are clarifying morality by resorting to bamboo metaphorical meanings and expressing mood through bamboos.The approaches of appreciation of formal beauty,clarifying morality by resorting to bamboo metaphorical meanings and expressing mood through bamboos have formed the mainstream of the aesthetic appreciation towards Chinese bamboos of the time and the later.However,from the perspectives of contemporary environmental aesthetics and environmental ethics,the two approaches of subjective appreciation do not contribute to the true independence of natural aesthetics,the implication of which tends to personify the nature,bearing a clear trace of human-centrism.The development of the aesthetics of bamboos during Wei and Jin dynasties formed substantially two major natural aesthetic objects,"four gentlemen,plum,orchid,bamboo and chrysanthemum"and"three companions of winter,pine,bamboo and plum blossom".The aesthetics of bamboos has entered from the field of natural aesthetics to the fields of literature,painting and music.The concept of Chinese traditional stringed and woodwind instruments further represents the idea of advocating nature in ancient Chinese music.