金属材料增材制造及其在民用航空领域的应用研究现状

Status of Metal Additive Manufacturing and Its Application Research in the Field of Civil Aviation

金属增材制造技术以逐层快速熔/凝、堆积金属或合金材料为基本原理,以"添加"制造的方式成形任意形状零件,具有成形效率高、材料利用率高、成本低、复杂异形结构和高熔点材料的成形能力强等优点,在民用航空构件的减重、快速构型更改、集成化制造等方面具有传统工艺无法比拟的技术优势。面向增材制造技术的金属原材料和成形工艺丰富多样,为制备不同尺寸、不同形状、不同使用环境要求的构件提供了更多的选择,为减重、增效、成本控制提供了新的路径。因此,国内外均在积极制订相关重大战略规划以抢占增材制造创新技术先机、推进制造业的转型升级。全球制造商和高校等机构开展了大量增材制造原材料、工艺、性能方面的应用研究,其中以民用航空尖端制造业的应用研究最为典型。与其他领域不同,增材制造金属构件在民机上的装机应用需要经历严格的适航验证程序,形成标准规范技术体系,实现制造过程和产品质量的稳定可控,最终才能装机使用。本文介绍了金属增材制造的国内外政策概况、原材料与成形工艺分类、无损检测类型、民用飞机的应用研究情况,指出了针对金属增材制造在民用航空领域扩大应用的研究和发展趋势。

The metal additive manufacturing technology,which is based on the primary principle of layer-by-layer rapid melting/consolidation and stacking the metal or alloy materials,can forms any shape components in a manner of"addition"manufacturing.The main advantages of additive manufacturing include high forming efficiency,high material utilization rate,low cost,the ability of manufacturing complex structure and highmelting point material.Moreover,the additive manufacturing has the technical advantages unmatched by traditional processing in the weight reduction,rapid configuration change and the integrate manufacturing of civil aviation components.The metal raw materials and forming processes for additive manufacturing technology are rich and varied,providing much more choices for manufacturing components with different requirements in sizes,shapes,operating environments and a new path for weight reduction,efficiency improvement and cost control.Therefore,the world countries are actively formulating relevant strategic plans to seize the opportunities of additive manufacturing technologies and promote the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry.Global manufacturers,universities and other institutions have carried out a large amount of application researches on raw materials,processing and performances of additive manufacturing,among which the most typical example is the utilization in the cutting-edge manufacturing field of civil aviation.Different from other fields,the application of metal components in civil aircraft requires a strict airworthiness verification procedure to establish the standard specification and technical system,achieving stable and controllable manufacturing process and product quality.Then,the additive manufactured productions are allowed for being installed on airplane.This paper introduces the domestic and international policy overview,the classification of raw materials and processing,the type of non-destructive testing,the application research status of metal additive manufacturing on civil aircraft,and points out the research and development trend of expanding the application of metal additive manufacturing in civil aviation.