黄鳝质量安全风险分析

Risk analysis on quality and safety of rice-field eel,Monopterus albus products

黄鳝(Monopterus albus)养殖产业近年发展较快,已在中国18个省、自治区、直辖市进行养殖,连续10年产量超过30万t。黄鳝养殖方式主要为池塘网箱养殖,其特殊的生态养殖方式对水环境污染小,影响黄鳝产品质量安全的原因主要为养殖环境及投入品。养殖环境中的重金属、农药残留等通过食物链及其他途径影响黄鳝产品质量。在人工养殖环境下,黄鳝体内重金属未超标,而野生环境下的黄鳝,尤其是黄鳝苗,其体内重金属超标风险较高。通过对黄鳝体内农药残留进行调查,主要检测了敌敌畏、氟虫腈、五氯酚钠和林丹4种农药,从检测结果看,黄鳝体内这4种农药的残留情况总体良好,敌敌畏和氟虫腈都未检出,林丹和五氯酚钠仅在个别样品有检出;对黄鳝配合饲料的检测未发现重金属超标,未检测到雌二醇、己烯雌酚和甲基睾酮等性激素;研究发现,作为动物饲料源的水蚯蚓和蚯蚓可能是黄鳝体内砷的重要来源,螺等鲜活饵料可能是黄鳝其他重金属的重要来源;渔用药物中,防治寄生虫药物阿苯达唑在投喂养殖期间的黄鳝体内有一定比例检出并超标,呋喃类药物、氯霉素,氟苯尼考、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和磺胺类等有部分检出,但含量未超标。通过近10年的抽样调查,没有发现违禁药物与激素在黄鳝体内超标,近10年黄鳝质量安全是稳定的。

The aquaculture of rice-field eel,Monopterus albus,has been rapidly developed in recent years.It has been cultivated in 18 provinces in China,with a continuous output of more than 300,000 tons per year in recent ten years.As the most important culture mode,the pond cage culture of M.albus has little pollution to the water environment.The main factors affecting the quality and safety of M.albus products are the cultural environment and inputs.The quality of M.albus products is affected by heavy metals and pesticide residues via food chain and other pathways in aquaculture environment.Under the conditions of artificial culture in pond cage,heavy metals in the body of M.albus were not detected to exceed the prescribed limit,but there existed risk of excess levels of heavy metals in the wild specimen of M.albus,particularly in the finglings.The investigation of pesticide residues showed that dichlorvos and fipronil were not detected,and lindane and pentachlorophenol sodium were just partially detected,indicating the well-being of pesticide residues status in the body of M.albus.No excessive heavy metals were detected in the compound feed of M.albus.Moreover,the sex hormones including estradiol,diethylstilbestrol and methyltestosterone were also not detected.By detection,it was found that tubificidae and earthworm,as animal feed sources,may be the important sources of arsenic in the body of M.albus,and the fresh food(e.g.freshwater snails)may be the important sources of heavy metals.For the fishery drugs,albendazole,as a parasite control drug,was detected to exceed the prescribed limit in some proportion of M.albus during the feeding period,while the furan drugs,chloramphenicol,florfenicol,ciprofloxacin,enrofloxacin and sulfanilamide were just partially detected and did not reach the levels of excess.Through the sampling surveys and detections in the past 10 years,it was reflected that the prohibited drugs or hormones were not found in the body of M.albus,and the quality and safety of M.albus products has been generally kept in the well-being status.