机会配置对西藏农牧民增收减贫的相关性研究

A Study of the Correlation between Opportunity Allocation and Income Increase,and Poverty Reduction of Farmers and Herdsmen in Tibet

本文根据机会的功能、供给与制约主体,就机会配置对西藏农牧民增收减贫所产生的效用进行了分析。首先,以不同时期、特别是改革开放后几个重要发展时期为线索,就机会的市场配置对农牧民收入水平所产生的作用和影响进行了分析。其次,以自治区政府在不同时期出台的针对农牧民增收减贫的政策为线索,就机会的政策配置对西藏农牧民收入水平的影响进行了实证研究。得出以下主要结论:西藏农牧民的贫困性质是相对贫困,基于效益优先的机会配置是导致一段时期西藏农牧民增收乏力和相对贫困的重要原因。第五次西藏工作会议召开以后,政府针对西藏农牧民机会配置从效率优先到公平优先的政策调整立竿见影,发展机会供给量与农牧民发展机会竞争力之间的差距开始逐步缩小,引领西藏走上经济增长和农牧民增收高速并进的可持续发展道路。

Located in a high plateau,the natural environment of Tibet is relatively special.Moreover,due to a variety of complex factors,Tibetan farmers and herdsmen are not able to obtain relatively sufficient opportunities for resource allocation,and their income level is still far behind that of the national average.Therefore,a study of the distribution of opportunities of Tibetan farmers and herdsmen for the purpose of significantly increasing their income and reducing their poverty not only could be a proper and reasonable arrangement of their opportunity resources,but also could target the development gap and improve the income of Tibetan farmers and herdsmen.In this paper,opportunity is defined as an external condition that can help the members of society obtain benefits and change their self-condition.According to the degree of openness of opportunity,and the difference between the subjects of supply and restriction,opportunity is classified as follows:one is the“open opportunity”provided and distributed by the market,and the other is the“closed opportunity”provided and configured by the government.Based on an analysis of previous research and literature as well as the special reality of Tibet,this article believes that the“closed development opportunities”of the Tibet Autonomous Region for the Tibetans are crowded club of goods with major positive external effects.In order to pursue the goal of positive external effects,it is necessary for the government to participate in leading the provision of closed development opportunities while,at the same time,considering the optimal supply method and quantity of closed development opportunities.It should be particularly pointed out that the current poverty of Tibetan farmers and herdsmen is a kind of relative poverty because their livelihoods have greatly improved when compared with the past,especially the poverty in which the livelihood gap is large compared with the national average.Although the improvement is quite significant,the shortage of wage income is still the crux that leads to the relatively low income of farmers and herdsmen at the present stage and the over-all continuous poverty in Tibet.The causes of relative poverty can be divided into the following three points.Firstly,with the beginning of the market economy system,except for the support of the state,no other opportunity capital could be found in Tibet;Secondly,at the beginning of the period of Reform and Opening-up,a large number of migrant workers from inland areas flooded into Tibet,resulting in reduced opportunities for local farmers and herdsmen to increase their income and reduce poverty.Coupled with the low awareness of farmers and herdsmen,and the allocation of opportunities by“invisible hands”,a problem of relative poverty began to emerge.Lastly,the relatively insufficient endogenous opportunities in Tibet caused by“the invisible hands”,the relatively low ability of farmers and herdsmen to grasp opportunities,and the loss of opportunities to increase income and reduce poverty under the competitive environment drove the farmers and herdsmen in Tibet into relative poverty for a long time after the Reform and Opening up.Since the different supply,management and allocation policies provided by the Party and the government on the development opportunities in Tibet have a huge impact on the income and poverty reduction of Tibetan farmers and herdsmen,this paper takes the income of Tibetan farmers and herdsmen as indicators,and conducts an empirical study on the effects of specific policies of opportunity allocation on the income and poverty reduction of Tibetan farmers and herdsmen.First of all,from the Democratic Reform in 1959 to the period of Reform and Opening up in 1985 in Tibet,the driving force for economic growth included the efficiency of the power of production brought about by the awareness of ownership,institutional benefits for the people to fully possess the production materials and the fruits of their labor.In addition,there was Tibet's unique closed opportunity configuration benefit that excluded outside competition,and the benefits of burden reduction from exemptions granted by the central government.Secondly,from 1985 to 1995,GDP was an important indicator for determining Tibet's development,and evaluating its political performance.As such,the allocation of opportunities was to be based on the principle of efficiency.During this period,the central government not only provided financial subsidies within its capacity to Tibet,but also mobilized other provinces and cities to promote the construction of many key projects in Tibet.However,these measures only unilaterally promoted the rapid growth of Tibet's GDP,while the income of farmers and herdsmen remained relatively weak,and the urban-rural gap further widened.Thirdly,after 1995,the“poverty alleviation project”aimed at increasing farmers and herdsmen's income and reducing their poverty began to rebound,but it still stayed in a relatively weak condition.In 2005,Tibet launched a housing project aimed at improving the housing conditions of farmers and herdsmen,which benefited almost all of the farmers and herdsmen.In 2007,the government of the autonomous region also issued a series of documents clearly stipulating that the open opportunities should be closed and directly provided to farmers and herdsmen.This policy helped the farmers and herders avoid the loss of opportunities due to insufficient competitiveness.This change in the mode of the opportunity supply and distribution by the government of the Autonomous region had a great impact on the income of farmers and herdsmen.From 2005 to 2010,the average per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet increased by 12.2%per year on average.Finally,the central government adopted suggestions from relevant experts,including me(first author of this article),and did not make specific rigid demands for the increase in Tibet's GDP,but instead took the per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen as an important measurement indicator in the fifth Symposium on the Work in Tibet held by the Central Committee in 2010.After the meeting,the government of the autonomous region strengthened its policy support for increasing the income of farmers and herdsmen and introduced many corresponding policy measures,carrying out effective policy interventions with regard to the allocation of opportunities.Furthermore,many income opportunities were closed and were provided to farmers and herdsmen as exclusive opportunities,thereby putting the income level of farmers and herdsmen on the fast lane.This national orientation that does not take GDP as a rigid indicator of Tibet's development has resulted in a positive interaction between GDP and the growth of income levels of farmers and herdsmen in Tibet.This article demonstrates the positive benefits of the government's supply and allocation of opportunities to increase income and reduce poverty of the farmers and herdsmen in Tibet.However,the underlying premise is still the fundamental role of the“invisible hand”of the market economy in resource allocation.Tibet's social development model is different from most other regions of China due to its special geographical ecological environment,historical problems,religious and cultural systems,etc.Therefore,it is necessary to balance economic market theory with the applicability and feasibility of the locality.