少数民族特色村寨振兴的实践困境及路径探索--基于鄂西南民族地区的考察

An Exploration of the Practical Dilemma and Path for the Revitalization of Ethnic Minority Villages--Based on the Investigation of the Ethnic Areas in Southwest Hubei

少数民族特色村寨振兴是实施乡村振兴战略的基本内容。鄂西南民族地区少数民族特色村寨振兴的实践取得初步成效,村寨整体风貌改造实现民族乡村生态宜居,特色产业培育兴旺民族乡村经济及带动乡村生活幸福,特色文化发展兴盛民族乡村文化,创建民族团结进步活动促进民族乡村有效治理。在实践中也面临着政策执行者素质不高、执行策略模糊不清、实施资金匮乏的瓶颈。利益分配失衡、城乡差异、村民参与意愿不足、政策支持力度不强是村寨振兴实践困境的归因。与此相应,提高居民保护意识,支持居民参与,科学编制振兴规划,保障村寨建设资金专用,维护群众利益,或许是促进乡村振兴战略的顺利实施,调整少数民族特色村寨振兴实践的可行路径。

The revitalization of villages with ethnic characteristics is one of the basic elements for the rural revitalization strategy.In recent years,all regions and departments have earnestly implemented the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council;they have actively,yet prudently,promoted the protection and development of towns and villages with ethnic minority characteristics,and have achieved remarkable results.However,in the process of promoting this plan,there have also been problems,such as a low level of planning,too much homogeneity,inaccurate positioning and a lack of sustainable development.It is of great theoretical significance and practical value to study the practical difficulties and methods for the revitalization of villages with ethnic minority characteristics for promoting the sustainable development of ethnic minority culture and the smooth implementation of the strategy for rural revitalization.The data in this paper come from a survey of representative villages in the southwest Hubei ethnic region.The survey forms mainly included face-to-face structured and non-structured in-depth interviews,and participatory observation.A total of 150 subjects were interviewed,and field notes concerning the interview contents,personal experiences and observations of each village were written in an ethnography format.Thus,valuable first-hand information was obtained.The investigation used the methods of random sampling and“snowballing”to identify the sample population in order to investigate the present situation,practical difficulties and specific manifestations of the causes for the revitalization of villages with ethnic minority characteristics.The policy of revitalizing villages with ethnic minority characteristics has achieved some initial results.The overall stylistic renovation of the villages has realized the ecological livability of ethnic villages.The improvement of the rural living environment should take characteristic villages as samples,and gradually carry out infrastructure construction,improvement of the living environment,renovation of characteristic buildings and traditional folk houses,so as to change the overall appearance of the village environment and meet the requirements of the ecological livable paradigm of ethnic villages.The characteristic industry nurtures and creates prosperity for the national rural economy and promotes happiness in rural life.According to the local unique natural and cultural resources,industries with comparative advantages were developed and supported,such as the traditional agricultural industry,processing industry of agricultural and by products,deep processing of livestock products,traditional handicrafts,food,tourism souvenirs,a catering industry with ethnic characteristics,and the construction of tourism facilities.The launching of activities for ethnic unity and progress promoted the effective governance of ethnic villages.A series of activities has been carried out,including publicity and education on ethnic unity,incorporating the content of ethnic unity into village rules and regulations,identifying“civilized”families and“civilized”villagers,and building harmonious ethnic relations in villages.However,the revitalization ofethnic minority villages in southwest Hubei has encountered some practical difficulties.These are mainly manifested in three aspects:first,the quality of the policy implementers is not high.The low professional quality of those who execute policy and the ineffective implementation of grassroots management organizations are t concrete manifestations of the low quality of those who execute policy.The second is the vagueness of policy implementation strategies.For example,the appearance of the characteristic folk houses and traditional wooden buildings in each village is the same,exhibiting none of their original features.They have all been created by looking at each other and copying each other,which has destroyed the endogenous power of the village culture and the natural simplicity of its development.The local governmental departments'pursuit of“political achievement projects”contradicts the villagers'desire for their livelihoods and real life,which,on the contrary,hinders the effective protection of villages with ethnic minority characteristics.The third is a lack of funding for policy implementation.Funds are raised mainly through the allocation of government funds at all levels and through attracting investment.Villages with ethnic minority characteristics are still in a period of construction,and most of the money comes from government funding.However,a stable supply of this money not guaranteed.Because there is no legislation for ethnic minority village revitalization,the central and local governments do not have a legal basis for including funds for ethnic village revitalization into their special financial funds budget.The factors affecting the revitalization of villages with ethnic minority characteristics are mainly reflected in the unbalanced distribution of interests,the difference between urban and rural areas,the lackof willingness of villagers to participate and the strength of policy support.As for the imbalance of benefit distribution,the government and developers invest in the development of villages with ethnic minority characteristics as tangible assets,while the villagers invest in intangible assets.No matter how much,the villagers should share in the economic benefits brought by the development,and we suggest that they should share 30%of the total benefits to the villagers.In addition,when enterprises,institutions and other organizations temporarily requisition or borrow village resources,they should be charged a certain fee,and grass-roots governments and organizations should share their interests with villagers.In terms of the urban-rural difference,due to the influence of many historical and realistic factors,the urban-rural difference in ethnic areas in China is very obvious,and is specifically reflected in the income gap between urban and rural residents,the gap between urban and rural education,the gap between urban and rural medical care,the gap between urban and rural consumption,the gap between urban and rural employment,the gap between government public investment and other aspects.The difference between urban and rural areas is an important common reason for the practical dilemma of the revitalization policy of ethnic minority villages,and it is also a realistic factor affecting the protection and development of ethnic minority villages.In terms of the lack of willingness to participate,the active participation of villagers is a strong guarantee for a sustainable revitalization of villages with ethnic minority characteristics.The lack of villagers'ability to participate is the objective factor that leads to their low participation enthusiasm.The lack of villagers'ability to participate is mainly reflected in their education level and conservative ideology.In terms ofthe weakness in policy support,if when developing tourism in villages with ethnic minority characteristics,the villagers do not share the profits,there are very few corresponding compensation policies or the compensation is not in place.The government has given the designated core area a truly artificial appearance,with grass-roots organizations responsible for allocating a small amount of subsidies to each household accordingly.But,for the chronically poor villagers,rebuilding a house requires a lot of money,even if the government offers a little incentive and help.As for the revitalization of ethnic villages,the main focus is seen in the following aspects:The first is to enhance the residents'awareness of revitalization.The effective implementation of the revitalization policy of villages with ethnic characteristics does not only mean the government's guidance and management at the technical level;the key to its success also lies in awakening the villagers to their own ethnic cultural awareness and giving play to the due subjective initiative of the village subjects.The second is to support residents'participation.The participation of the residents is the basis of the revitalization policy of villages with ethnic minority characteristics.The local government should continuously expand the ways for villagers to participate in the development of village tourism;let them directly obtain real economic benefits so as to truly stimulate their enthusiasm for participation and improve their awareness of revitalization.The third is to work out a plan for revitalization in a scientific way.Without having a formal,unified and scientific planning scheme and requirements,it is difficult for policy implementation to achieve the expected goals.The scientific formulation of a revitalization plan is the key to the effective revitalization of ethnic minority villages.The fourth is to guarantee special funds for village construction.The establishment of a guaranteed funding system can stabilize the source of funds needed for policy implementation,ensure the special funds needed for the revitalization of ethnic minority villages,clarify the sources and channels of these funds,establish a strategy for the government and private professional organizations to jointly supervise the use of these funds,and promote the lasting,coordinated,stable,prosperous and development of villages.Fifth,we must safeguard the interests of the people.The fundamental purpose of economic development is to safeguard the interests of the masses,and the protection of the interests of the masses depends on the development of the economy and the improvement of the people's material living standard.The two are unified in the scientific outlook on development,that is,through a coordinated development of economy,politics,society and culture to promote a comprehensive and sustainable development,and truly safeguard the interests of the masses.