人与自然关系的断裂与重构--以三江源生态移民社区的狗为视点

Rupture and Reconstruction of the Relationship between Human and Nature--From the Perspective of Dogs in the Eco-migration Communities of Sanjiangyuan Region

政府、学者、媒体、宗教和移民自身等各种社会力量的参与使得“移民新村”成为一个多种力量交织的场域,其中“非人”生物也是重要的建构力量。而流浪狗这一被国内学者所忽略的现象,在世界范围内却是一个较为普遍的问题。从生态移民社区内流浪狗与移民之间的关系这一角度,可以探讨动物是如何参与生态移民新村的建构过程的;生态移民与狗之间关系的变迁是否反映出生态移民与自然之间的某种动态关系。同时,可以使我们摆脱和避免人类中心主义的研究倾向,扩展社会文化人类学田野调查的研究对象,关注其他生物在构成人类身处的世界中所起到的重要作用,从而探索一种更加全面和开放的民族志体系。

Under the background of the implementation and improvement of the Sanjiangyuan Ecological Migration Project,the“new-migrants-community”seems to be a new mode of resettlement.“New”has become the symbolic expression of this social space.To a certain extent,“new”reflects the living state of ecological migrants,and also marks a transition of time.The Sanjiangyuan Ecological Migration Project,as a national program which tries to improve human living conditions,is one in which government,media,scholars and migrants themselves all participated in the construction of new communities.As a kind of social space,the production process of the“new-migrants-community”interweaves various social forces.People try to give different meanings to the“new-migrants-community”,which turns it into a field or semantic field interwoven with various forces.However,the“non-human part”should also be given attention,especially cattle,sheep,horses and dogs,which used to play an important role in the life of herdsmen.In fact,the study of animals in sociocultural anthropology has a long history,and the discussion of the relationship between human beings and animals has always been an important topic of sociocultural anthropology.Some anthropologists such as Mary Douglas,E.E.Evans Pritchard,Clifford Geertz,Marvin Harris,Claude Levi-Strauss,Roy Rappaport and others have conducted research closely related to animals.Therefore,there is a Post-Cartesian animal turn in anthropological research.Nowadays,the sociocultural anthropological study of the relationship between human and animals is within the background of climate change,ecological politics,xenotransplantation and bioengineering.In short,through the analysis of the relationship between human and animals,we can not only reflect on the political,economic,social,cultural and ecological reality of human beings,but also reflect on the formation process of human beings and promote in-depth thinking of how to be human.In this paper,from the perspective of the relationship between stray dogs and migrants in the“ecological-migrants-communities”,I try to explore how animals participate in the construction process of the new ecological migrant communities,and whether the changes of the relationship between ecological migrants and dogs reflect some dynamic situation between ecological migrants and nature.As a kind of waste product,abandoned dogs reflect the affiliation and disposable relationship between human and dogs.This process shapes the material flow that constitutes the political ecology of the city.Modernization requires real human behavior and structured nature.Dogs in migration communities are just a part of our structured nature.If urban and rural areas are opposed to the two extremes of man-made and nature,we can regard Tibetan ecological migrant communities in Gansu and Qinghai province as a link or transitional stage between nature and city,and the state of dogs in ecological migrant communities as the dynamic reflection of this transitional stage.They reflect the efforts of human beings to structuralize animals as passive and static objective objects of policies and economic considerations of human society.To some degree,stray dogs in ecological migrant communities reflect a kind of contradiction and fuzziness in classification.With Levi Strauss's triangular structuralism,it is not difficult to see that stray dogs are neither completely domestic animals nor completely wild.They fall freely between the two,with an identity of uncertainty,transition and vacillation.From this point of view,ecological migration is not only good for the environment,but also conducive to classification.By telling the story of migrants and dogs,this paper reveals the dynamic relationship between migrants and dogs,which can reflect the intertwined nature of their relationship and their influence,so as to deepen the multi-dimensional understanding of what constitutes the“new migrants-communities”and what constitutes migrants themselves.It can also examine and review other broader aspects of migration communities.Under the background of global climate change and the Sanjiangyuan Ecological Migration Project,the changing process of the ecological migrants'attitude and behavior towards dogs fully reflects how the relationship between human and animals is affected by social and cultural structure.The reciprocal and exclusive relationship between non-human others and human beings can help us eliminate and avoid the tendency research has for anthropocentrism,expand the research subjects of sociocultural anthropology,and pay attention to the important role played by other creatures in constituting the world in which human beings live.In doing so,we can explore a more comprehensive and open ethnographic system.