清初岷江上游地区民族教育研究

A Study of Ethnic Education in the Upper Areas of Min River in the Early Years of the Qing Dynasty

清代,地方教育作为“教化远人”的手段,积极配合中央统治权利的西向发展趋势,使得西部边疆迅速与中原地区产生联系。在这一过程中,西部地区的政治、经济、文化、社会以及生态等方方面面都与中央王朝或中原传统相互交融,西部边疆对中原文化与政权的认同也以一种前所未有的方式和速度逐渐展开。岷江上游地区处于西北地区与西南地区之间,是藏彝走廊的东北边缘,属于过渡地带;由于土地、人口以及政策等多方面的原因,地方教育在清初得以迅速发展,区域内人心向化和民族融合的态势也渐次形成,继而推动了过渡地带以及民族地区对于中原文化与王朝国家的认同。

In the Qing Dynasty,local education,as a means to civilize remote people,was actively coordinated with the westward development trend of the central government,quickly bringing about contact between the western frontier and the Central Plains.In this process,the political,economic,cultural,social and ecological aspects of the western region all intermingled with the Central Dynasty or the traditions of the Central Plains,and the western frontier's recognition of the culture and political power of the Central Plains gradually expanded in an unprecedented way and speed.The upper Min River areas,located between the northwest and southwest regions,lies in the northeastern edge of the Tibetan-Yi corridor and belong to the transitional zone.Because of factors such as the land,population and policies,etc.,local education developed rapidly in the early Qing Dynasty,and the trend of ethnic integration in the region gradually took shape.This,in turn,promoted the recognition by the transition zone and ethnic areas of the Central Plains'culture and the dynastic-state.The Qing Dynasty had a tendency to develop its power in the west,and this tendency was first reflected in the level of military conquest.However,with the stabilization and deepening of the rule,cultural recognition became the major means for the rule of the Qing Dynasty.The upper areas of Min River are located at the junction of Sichuan and Gansu provinces,and it was an area where there was a frequent flow of refugees and immigrants,resulting in a relatively great change of the population throughout the history of China.The Qing Dynasty's governance of this transitional zone was reflected in the aspects of cultural education and national identity.Different from the Ming dynasty,the development of education in the upper areas of Min River during the Qing dynasty entered a new stage.In the process of conducting concrete governance,the Qing court paid more attention to the identity of the people in this transition zone with the central government and the culture of the Central Plains.There are two main reasons for the development of local education in the upper areas of the Min River in the early Qing Dynasty:First,the fundamental reason for the development of local education in the upper areas of the Min River in the early Qing Dynasty is that the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the rule of the western frontier.The implementation of the gaituguiliu policy(the replacement of native officials with the royally appointed ones)in the western areas during the early stages of the Qing dynasty changed the ethnic minority people in the upper areas of the Min River into“residents”under the household registration system of the Qing court.Secondly,the deeper reason for the development of local education in the upper areas of the Min River in the early Qing Dynasty is the population flow caused by the change of land policy and population policy.As a result of the continuous adjustment of population and land policies during the Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong periods in the Qing dynasty,the population in the upper areas of the Min River recovered rapidly.The characteristics of local educational development in the upperareas of the Min River in the early Qing dynasty have the following aspects:The most important feature of the local development of education in the upper areas of the Min River in the early Qing dynasty was the“completeness”of the grass-roots educational system.The most obvious change in the local educational system between the Ming and Qing dynasties was the prosperity of the Academy in the Qing dynasty.Another important component of the local educational system in the early Qing dynasty was the totality of the number of students enrolled.The influence of local educational development in the upper areas of the Min River in the early Qing period is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:First of all,due to the development of local education in the upperareas of the Min River in the early Qing period there was a growing trend of the number of people who obtained scholarly honours or official ranks in the region,and those who received these honours or ranks used their rights and knowledge to give back to their home place,which in turn improved the social and economic conditions of the region.Secondly,some Miao people and tusi(native officials in imperial China)also eagerly vied to submit themselves to the rule of the Qing court,and actively participated in local education.Some of them even played the role of role models during their time of being an official,thereby contributing to the socio-economic stability and development of the ethnic minority areas.Thirdly,the development of education in the upper areas of the Min River in the early Qing period promoted the identity of the people in this region,especially in the ethnic minority areas,to the central government and the state.All in all,the upperareas of the Min River in the Qing dynasty were large-scale ethnic settlements,while at the same time,the region also played the role of an intermediary transition zone,that is,a so-called mixed settlement area of Han,Qiang,Tibetan,Hui and other ethnic minorities.The various economic,trade and cultural characteristics of the different ethnic groups met here,and this relatively diversified socio-economic developmental situation had not changed much until the Ming Dynasty.It was a long process for the ethnic areas in the upper Min River to identify with the culture and political power of the Central Plains.The Qing Dynasty developed the local educational system on the basis of the one they inherited from the Ming Dynasty,making the basic strategy of the Central Plains that was implemented in this specific area since the Ming dynasty achieve some remarkable results.That is to say,through the guidance of the local educational system in the early Qing Period,the upper areas of the Min River completed the transformation of integrating regional culture into the Central Plains culture.