目的解释路径下违反强制性规定合同的效力认定——兼论相关立法的条款衔接

Determination of validity of contracts violating mandatory provisions from path of purpose interpretation:concurrently on connection of relevant legislations

《商品房买卖司法解释》第2条认定的是违法合同的效力问题。受“重公权,轻私权”立法思想的影响,我国最初立法时在《民法通则》和《合同法》中原则性地规定违反法律的合同无效。为了适应市场经济的发展和尊重私权自治,随后通过立法完善和司法解释进行修正,逐步缩小了法律对合同的限制,最终形成《〈合同法〉司法解释(二)》第14条所确定的“二分法”。但这只是权宜之计,发挥作用的同时也产生了诸多争议。《民法总则》第153条第1款不应理解为“二分法”的延续,而是为确定合同效力提供了一个具有弹性空间的目的保留条款。认定合同效力时,应当对强制性规定进行目的解释,充分发挥法官的自由裁量权,按照不同情形进行具体认定。

Article 2 of the Judicial Interpretation of Commercial Housing Sales determines the validity of illegal contracts.Under the influence of legislative thinking of“strong government power,weak private right”,it had been stipulated that contracts violating the law are invalid in principles of the General Principles of Civil Law and the Contract Law in initial legislation in China.In order to adapt to the development of market economy and respect private autonomy,it was subsequently amended through legislative perfection and judicial interpretation,which have been gradually narrowing the restrictions on contract by the law,and finally forming the“dichotomy”of the mandatory provisions in the Article 14 of the 2rdJudical Interpretation of Contract Law.But it is only an expedient measure,which leads to many controversies while it plays its role.Paragraph 1 of Article 153 of the General Provisions of Civil Law should not be understood as a continuation of the said“dichotomy”,but rather provides a purpose retention clause that has elastic space for the determination of the validity of a contract.When the validity of a contract is determined,purpose explanation should be conducted of mandatory provisions.The discretion of the judge should be given full play,so as to make specific determinations according to different situations.