荷兰中小学教师短缺:现状、成因及应对策略

The Status,Reasons and Solutions of Teacher Shortage in the Netherlands

近年来,荷兰中小学校备受教师短缺问题的困扰。本研究探究了荷兰中小学教师短缺的现状、成因及应对策略。结果发现,荷兰中小学教师的短缺数量正在逐年上升,并且在地区、学校、学科及岗位方面呈现差异。就短缺成因而言,教师职业地位下降与老龄化结构突出,教师管理政策调整滞后与缺少针对性措施,学校工作环境难以吸引或留住教师,教师工作压力上升与工作满意度下降均对教师短缺造成了直接影响。在此基础上,荷兰应对中小学教师短缺的全国性措施包括扩大教师培养规模,提高教师行业吸引力;鼓励失业教师再就业,延长兼职教师工作期限;提升教师薪资待遇,减轻教师工作压力;提倡创新教学形式,有效分配教师工作任务。与此同时,区域性措施包括实施教师短缺区域补贴计划,制订区域行动计划以及建立跨区域合作关系。最后,研究对我国未来的中小学教师管理实践提出了相关建议,如适时调整教师培养规模,改善教师生存与工作环境,建立跨省市教师劳动力协调机制以及探索创新教学形式。

Recently,the primary and secondary schools in the Netherlands are suffering the problem of teacher shortage.The current study explores the status,reasons,and solutions of teacher shortage in primary and secondary schools in the Netherlands.The findings show that the quantity of shortage has increased in the recent years.There are some differences in the diverse regions,schools,subjects,and positions.In terms of the reasons for teacher shortage,there are several reasons leading to shortage in Netherlands:the decrease of teacher reputation and aging population,the hysteresis and non-focused policies,the school environment that can’t attract and retain teachers,and the increase of teacher pressure and the decrease of job satisfaction.Based on these,the national measures to solve teacher shortage include expanding the scale of teacher training and increasing the attractiveness of the teaching profession,encouraging unemployed teachers to be re-employed and extending the working period of parttime teachers;improving teacher salaries and reducing teacher work pressure;advocating innovative teaching methods and allocate teacher work tasks effectively.At the same time,the regional measures consist implementing the subsidy plan for regions with teacher shortage,developing regional action plans,and establishing cross-regional cooperative relations.At last,some suggestions are made for Chinese future primary and secondary teacher labor management,for example,adjusting the scales of teacher education,improving teachers’living and working environment,developing the coordinated system of teacher labors across provinces or cities,and exploring innovative teaching patterns.