水稻重金属积累分布与风险分析研究综述

Accumulation,Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Rice:a Review

食品安全是人体健康和人类生存的重要保障,环境污染引发的食品安全和人体健康风险已成为食源性疾病暴发的五大首要风险因素之一。水稻是主要的粮食作物,矿产资源过度开发及农田污水灌溉等导致耕地土壤重金属污染日益加剧,因此,关注水稻重金属污染现状及其潜在风险具有重要的现实意义。该文综述了近年来国内外有关水稻重金属吸收、分布累积特征及其食品安全风险与人体健康风险等重要成果及研究进展。研究表明,矿区及污灌区水稻籽粒中砷(As)和镉(Cd)污染最为突出,此外,As以无机砷(Asi)为主;同时水稻籽粒也是人体甲基汞(MeHg)暴露的主要途径,对人类(尤其是孕妇、儿童、老年人、病人等)的健康造成严重威胁。因此,在关注水稻食品安全和人体健康风险的同时,应加强对水稻重金属解毒机制及人体吸收效率等方面的研究,发展合理调控、管控措施,降低水稻重金属含量及生物有效性,为农业生产安全和食品安全提供理论支撑和技术支持。

Food safety is an important guarantee for human health and human survival.Environmental pollution induced food safety and human health risks have became one of the top five risk factors for foodborne disease outbreaks.Rice is one of the main food crops.The over–exploitation of mineral resources and sewage irrigation have led to increasing heavy metal pollution in cultivated lands.Therefore,it is of great practical importance to pay attention to the current pollution situation and potential risks of heavy metals in rice.In this paper,the absorption,distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in rice,and the food safety and human health risks in recent years were reviewed.Heavy metals in rice grains in mining areas and sewage irrigation areas exceed food safety limits,especially arsenic(As)and cadmium(Cd).Inorganic arsenic(Asi)is the predominant As speciation in rice grain.In addition,rice grain is a major source of methyl mercury(MeHg)exposure,posing a serious health threat to humans(especially pregnant women,children,the elderly,and the sick).Therefore,besides paying attention to rice food safety and human health risks,increased attention should be paid on heavy metals detoxification mechanisms in rice and absorption efficiencies in humans.This helps to develop efficient regulation and control strategies,thereby reduce heavy metals contents in rice grains,which provides theoretical and technical supports for agricultural production and food safety.