纳米材料在渔用疫苗中的研究进展

Research Progress in Application of Nanomaterials in Fish Vaccine

鱼病治疗研究已从大量使用抗生素转向主要以灭活细菌为基础的疫苗开发。渔用疫苗主要为注射疫苗,虽能有效防治许多不同的水产疾病,但注射疫苗存在的副作用不可忽视。相比之下,口服疫苗和浸泡疫苗可能是鱼类接种的最佳途径,但鱼类对抗原的摄取有限,通常需要反复多次接种。纳米颗粒作为疫苗递送系统已被认为是改善和解决这些问题的有力工具。纳米颗粒是具有低毒性、良好生物降解性和特定物理属性(大小、表面电荷或负载能力)的分散体或固体颗粒,允许受控输送,从而改善免疫系统的靶向性和刺激性。这些纳米递送系统在鱼类中的应用还处于开发的初始阶段。综述了纳米颗粒在鱼类疫苗研究中的应用进展,重点介绍了聚乳酸-乙醇酸纳米颗粒、壳聚糖纳米颗粒、脂质体和碳纳米管,提出了未来渔用疫苗研究的热点方向以及需要解决的问题,为渔用疫苗的开发提供一个新思路。

Vaccines,mainly based on inactivated bacteria,are gradually replacing the antibiotics in fish disease treatment.However,the side-effects of vaccine injections can’t be ignored even though they are widely used and effectively in treating different aquatic diseases.In contrast,oral vaccines and immersion vaccines might be the best ways while these processes usually require repeated vaccinations due to the lower intake efficiency of antigens in fish.Nanoparticle,a vaccine delivery system,has been considered as a powerful tool to improve and solve these problems.As a dispersion or solid particle with low toxicity,good biodegradability,specific physical properties(size,surface charge,or loading capacity)as well as easily-controlled characteristic in delivery,nanoparticle could improve the targeting of immune system and the stimulation of vaccinations.The application of these nano-delivery systems in fish is still in the early stage of development.Here we reviewed the application progress of nanoparticles in fish vaccine research,including polylactic acid-glycolic acid nanoparticles,chitosan nanoparticles,liposomes nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes.The hot spots and problems in future fish vaccine study were proposed,providing a new idea for the development of fish vaccine.