《音乐现代化法案》对我国版权制度的启示——著作权集体管理组织、音乐数据库、版税计算

Enlightenment of the Music Modernization Act to Copyright Law in China:Copyright Collective Management Organization,Music Database,Royalty Calculation

唱片到数字音乐的转变颠覆了传统音乐产业。传统版权制度面临先授权后使用基本原则的商业打破与版权制度激励目标的难以实现问题。美国2018年《音乐现代化法案》对数字音乐发展的版权制度变革需求作出回应。该法案设立了新的著作权集体管理组织,并对版税率计算方式等作出调整,解决了传统版权制度一些显著缺陷。借鉴该法案对于我国应对数字音乐产业发展所引起的版权问题有所裨益。我国音乐著作权集体管理组织可调整为有限竞争或有限垄断模式,加强透明度与各方监督力度,提升管理能效。音乐数据库的设立需重视元数据问题,确保数据库的有效性。版税率的确立应依据市场而定,可通过技术手段予以实现。

The shift from records to digital music has upended the traditional music industry.The basic principle of“license first,use later”of traditional copyright system is broken by modern business model,and the incentive goal of copyright system is difficult to achieve.The Music Modernization Act of 2018 in the United States responded to the demand of copyright system reform in the development of digital music.The Act establishes a new copyright collective management organization,and makes adjustments to the calculation of royalty rates,etc.,thus resolving some notable defects in the traditional copyright system.It is helpful for China to deal with the copyright problems caused by the development of digital music industry.China’s music copyright collective management organizations can be adjusted to a limited competition or limited monopoly model,and through strengthening transparency and supervision of all parties to enhance management efficiency.The establishment of music database needs to pay attention to metadata to ensure the validity of the database.The establishment of royalty rate should be based on the market and can be achieved by technical means.