围填海对芝罘湾生态环境的影响

Impact of Reclamation on Ecological Environment of Zhifu Bay

围填海开发活动己经成为各国沿海地区拓展空间、获取资源的一种重要方式,同时围填海工程对海洋生态环境的负面影响也不可忽视.以芝罘湾为例,整理并分析了1985—2017年中4个时间梯度表层水、沉积物和海洋生物的空间分布实测数据,分析近年来大规模围填海工程对其湾内生态环境的影响.结果表明:①芝罘湾内表层水中ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(Cu)、ρ(Pb)、ρ(Zn)、ρ(Cr)和沉积物中w(Cu)、w(Pb)、w(Zn)、w(Cr)在空间分布上一致,均呈现出自湾顶向湾口逐渐降低的趋势,围填海海域的污染物浓度高且污染范围扩大.②2017年表层水中ρ(TN)、TN TP、ρ(Cu)、ρ(Pb)、ρ(Zn)、ρ(Cr)分别是1985年的12、14、8、7、2、14倍,ρ(TP)因国家对含磷农药的限制而呈现降低趋势.③围填海海域沉积物中的重金属含量增加,但由于2016年底的疏浚工程,2017年沉积物中w(Cu)、w(Pb)、w(Zn)、w(Cr)较2010年分别降低了60.13%、77.25%、39.17%、25.32%.④2010—2017年,ρ(Chla)降低了58.00%;浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物的物种数量分别下降了近47.50%、43.30%、26.30%,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别下降了20.49%、15.41%、10.41%,丰富度指数分别下降了69.33%、87.56%、61.90%.研究显示,围填海对芝罘湾生态环境产生了不利影响,表层水、沉积物及海洋生物均呈现不同程度的恶化和退化趋势.

The reclamation development activities have become an important way for the coastal areas of various countries to expand space and obtain resources.However,the negative impacts of reclamation projects on the marine ecological environment cannot be ignored.In order to study the impact of large-scale reclamation projects in Zhifu Bay on the ecological environment in recent years,the historical data in 1985,1993 and 2010 and the measured data in 2017 of Zhifu Bay were analyzed and compared.The effects of reclamation on surface water quality,sediment and the spatial distribution of marine life and inter-annual changes in Zhifu Bay,a typical semi-enclosed bay,were studied from 1985 to 2017.The results showed that:(1)The spatial distribution ofρ(TN),ρ(TP),ρ(Cu),ρ(Pb),ρ(Zn),ρ(Cr)in the surface water and w(Cu),w(Pb),w(Zn),w(Cr)in sediments was consistent,and the concentration of pollutants gradually decreased from the top to the mouth of the bay.The concentration and scale of pollutants was much higher when the reclamation took place.(2)Compared to 1985 and 2017,theρ(TN),TN TP,ρ(Cu),ρ(Pb),ρ(Zn)andρ(Cr)in the surface water increased by 12,14,8,7,2 and 14 times,respectively.Due to national restrictions on phosphorous pesticides,theρ(TP)showed downward trend.(3)The amount of heavy metals in the sediment increased as a result of reclamation.However,the w(Cu),w(Pb),w(Zn)and w(Cr)decreased by 60.13%,77.25%,39.17%and 25.32%,respectively,from 2010 to 2017 due to dredging at the end of 2016.(4)ρ(Chla)decreased by 58.00%from 2010 to 2017.The number of species of phytoplankton,zooplankton,and benthic organisms decreased by 47.50%,43.30%and 26.30%in the past 7 years.The Shannon-Wiener diversity index decreased by 20.49%,15.41%and 10.41%,respectively,and the richness index decreased by 69.33%,87.56%and 61.90%,respectively.Therefore,the reclamation has adversely affected the ecological environment of Zhifu Bay,and the surface water quality,sediments and ecological environment have all deteriorated to varying degrees.