均质与分化:德国高校分类发展的战略选择

Homogenization and Differentiation: the Strategic Choice of Classified Development of German Universities

德国高校体系以平等均质为特色,各类型学校崇尚平等,特色各异。近年来,德国政府为提高高校竞争力,对促进学校差异化发展做出政策调整。“卓越计划”在平等传统上,促进高校功能分化:卓越研究型大学和均质大学并存,自治大学与应用科学大学均衡。从历史维度梳理德国高校分类发展进程发现,横向分类中均衡与均质并存,纵向分层中分化与卓越并举。正视不利于德国高校系统可持续发展的因素,对中国“双一流”建设具有启示意义。

The German higher education system is characterized by equality and uniformity.All types of institutes advocate equality and have different characteristics.In recent years,the German government has made policy adjustments to promote the differentiated development of universities in order to improve their competitiveness.The"Excellence Initiative"promotes the functional differentiation of universities:excellent research university and homogeneous university coexist;autonomous university and applied science university are balanced.In this paper,the development process of German colleges and universities is analyzed from the historical dimension,the balance and homogeneity coexist in the horizontal classification,and the differentiation and excellence coexist in the vertical stratification,and the factors that are unfavorable to the sustainable development of German colleges and universities are pointed out,which is believed to be enlightening to the"Double First-Class Construction"in China.