从“伪君子”到“阴谋家”--反启蒙运动塑造的启蒙哲人形象

From Hypocrites to Conspirators:The Images of the Philosophes Created by the Antiphilosophes in the Age of Enlightenment

“哲人”是启蒙时代意识形态讨论和斗争的焦点。在公众和舆论的重要性日渐增长的时代,公共人物这种现代现象诞生,哲人的公共形象成为启蒙哲人与反启蒙势力竞争的重要内容。反哲人群体一开始蔑视地将启蒙哲人视作不信教、反宗教、不学无术、妖言惑众以谋取私利的伪君子,试图揭露他们的骗子面目。随着时间的推移,启蒙思想四处传播,启蒙哲人的影响日益高涨。反哲人群体既嫉妒又恐慌,掀起越来越高的反对声浪,指控启蒙思想败坏道德、腐化风俗、煽动反叛。他们塑造的哲人形象变得越来越阴险、越来越政治化,最终在旧制度的最后二十年间将哲人们刻画为一个意图颠覆国家和教会的阴谋集团,并预言启蒙思想会带来暴力流血和权力的倾覆。这种阴谋论为启蒙运动与法国革命制造出因果关系,创造出一种历史解读,对后世对启蒙运动的阐释产生了重要影响。

‘Philosophe’,the key concept of the Enlightenment,was the focus of many ideological discussions and competitions in the age of Enlightenment. Faced with the increasing importance of the public and the public opinion,and the birth of public figures as a modern phenomenon,the public image of the philosophe became an important part of the competition between the philosophes and the Counter-Enlightenment( the antiphilosophes). At first,the antiphilosophes despised the philosophes as hypocrites who were impious,irreligious,and who were ignorant,incompetent but seduced the public with their fallacies to seek personal gains,and they tried to expose these imposters to resist the Enlightenment. However,with the spreading of the Enlightenment and the increasing influence of the philosophes,the antiphilosophes who were buried in jealousy and panic raised their voices in accusing the Enlightenment of corrupting morality and customs,and inciting rebellion. As the images of the philosophe forged by them became increasingly more vicious and politicized,at last a conspiracy of the philosophes to subvert both the throne and the altar was conceived in the last two decades of the Old Regime. Moreover,it was predicted that violence,bloodshed and subversion would come along with the success of the Enlightenment. These images of the philosophes created by the antiphilosophes were accredited because of the French Revolution,and elaborated a historical reading that exerted an important influence on the subsequent interpretations of the Enlightenment.