弥赛亚主义与中世纪犹太流散政治

The Messianism and the Jewish Exilic Politics in the Middle Ages

犹太弥赛亚主义本质上是犹太历史观在宗教维度的表达。公元132-135年的巴尔·科赫巴大起义过后,宗教文献中的弥赛亚主义做出转型,淡化民族政治与英雄主义元素,劝导信徒沉湎于宗教道德修行,耐心等待救赎。转型促使弥赛亚主义适应流散生活,并成为中世纪犹太人建构流散政治的理论依据。然而,这场转型并未取得绝对广泛认同,部分犹太人仍旧推崇带有民族政治元素的弥赛亚主义叙事,并以此为理论依据冲击流散政治。中世纪犹太人面临渴望政治独立却又无力返乡复国的历史困境,对民族未来判断产生分歧。这导致弥赛亚主义沿两条路径并行发展,流散政治则呈现虽不稳固、却无法颠覆的特征。

The Jewish Messianism is essentially a conception of the Jewish history from the perspective of the religious dimension.After the Bar Kochba Revolt from 132 A.D.to 135 A.D.,the Messianism transformed from preaching national politics and heroism to calling up the Jews to indulge in religious moral practices and wait for the redemption patiently.This transformation prompted the Messianism to adapt to life in exile.The Jews living in the Middle Ages constructed the exilic politics based on the Messianism.However,such transformation has not been accepted absolutely widely.Some Jews still observed the traditional Messianism with national political factors.Based on such theory,these Jews impacted on the Jewish exilic politics.In general,the medieval Jews faced a historical dilemma.On one side,they yearned for the political independence.On the other,they were incapable of returning to their homeland and establishing a national regime.Facing this dilemma,the Jews diverged greatly over the future of the nation.This situation put the development of Messianism in two parallel ways,and the exilic politics cannot be overthrown though it was unstable.