近代中国社会转型过程中政治学知识精英的分化与选择

Differentiation and Selection of Political Science Elite in the Process of Social Transformation in Modern China

精英主义理论认为精英的不同作用或者控制方式塑造了政治、社会、文化系统的特征与边界,甚至影响了国家制度结构的中心方面。在传统的中华官僚帝国中,儒生士人构成了政府和社会中占据特殊地位的特权集团,是政治、文化、社会三种类型精英的“三位一体”的复合。在近代中国由传统向现代转型的过程中,知识精英逐步从作为复合型精英代表的传统士大夫阶层中分化出来。这一群体中的一个特殊组成部分——政治学知识精英,也就是那些主要从事政治学及相关专业研究的学者、专家、教授等,因其独特的知识与专业能力,以及政治变革的迫切时代诉求,形成了一种特殊的“学政互动”现象。面对“治学”与“治术”之间的协同与矛盾,他们试图通过民主政治的形式尝试各种现代化的模式,不断为中国现代国家的建设方案与制度安排提供各种类型的可能。

The elitist theory holds that the different functions or control modes of the elite shape the characteristics and boundaries of the political,social and cultural systems,and even affect the central aspects of the national institutional structure.In the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire,Confucian scholars constituted a privileged group with a special position in the government and society,which was a combination of political,cultural and social elites.In the process of modern China′s transformation from tradition to modernity,the intellectual elite gradually separated from the traditional scholar-bureaucrat class,which was the representative of the compound elite.A special part of this group-political science elite,namely those scholars,experts and professors who are mainly engaged in political science and related professional research,has formed a special phenomenon of"political science interaction"due to their unique knowledge and professional ability,as well as the urgent demand of the times for political change.Faced with the coordination and contradiction between"scholarship"and"governance",they tried to try various modern models in the form of democratic politics,and constantly provided various types of possibilities for the construction scheme and institutional arrangement of China′s modern state.