PPP项目政府最优合作伙伴选择:基于不同付费模式的分析

Optimal Public-private Partnerships Based on Different Payment Models

合作效率的高低是政府选择PPP项目社会资本方的重要依据。根据我国的国情,本文引入政府付费、使用者付费及可行性缺口补助等三类不同的PPP项目付费模式,构建了一个包含民营企业和国有企业的混合市场PPP模型,从社会福利最大化视角分析政企合作的效率,并进一步探讨政府最优的PPP项目合作伙伴及项目模式选择问题。结论表明:政府应根据付费模式的差异选择不同性质的企业作为最优合作伙伴,政府付费项目下,企业无持续运营投入,国有企业和民营企业都为政府最优合作伙伴;使用者付费项目下,政府最优的合作伙伴为国有企业,但此类项目下国企的运营水平必须高于民营企业;可行性缺口补助项目下,政府最优的合作伙伴选择受缺口补贴水平影响,当补贴水平较小时,政府最优的合作伙伴是国有企业,当补贴水平较大时,国有企业和民营企业都为政府最优合作伙伴。基于社会福利最大化和可运营视角,政府应大力推广使用者付费模式项目,但项目实施的前提是市场容量达到一定规模。本文的结论为国有企业参与PPP项目提供了理论支撑,对中国式PPP模式的发展具有一定的指导意义。

Choosing state-owned firm or private firm as social capital has always been an important issue in the practice of PPP in China.This paper constructs a mixed market PPP model involving private enterprise and state-owned enterprise,and divides PPP projects into three types:government payment,user payment and feasibility gap subsidy,and discusses the government’ s optimal PPP public-private partnerships under different situations.The results show that enterprises under government paid project have no operational investment,state-owned enterprise and private enterprise arc the best partner of the government;under the user paid project,the government’ s best partner is state-owned enterprise;under the feasibility gap subsidy project,when the level of subsidy is small,the government’s best partner is state-owned enterprise,when the level of subsidy is large,state-owned enterprise and private enterprise arc the best partner of the government.When the user pays,the state-owned enterprise is the government’s optimal partner and the state-owned enterprise must operate at a higher level than the private enterprise.Based on the maximization of social welfare and operational perspective,the government should vigorously promote the feasibility user paid project,but the premise of project implementation is that the market capacity should reach a certain scale.The conclusions of this paper have certain guiding significance for the practice of PPP in various regions of China.