摘要
Due to a blood supply shortage,articular cartilage has a limited capacity for selfhealing once damaged.Articular chondrocytes,cartilage progenitor cells,embryonic stem cells,and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration.Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity;unfortunately,the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked.Consequently,the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one.The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties.In this review,current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized;the impact of cell source options is discussed;and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized.This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue.This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
基金
supported by Research Grants from the AO Foundation(S-12-19P) and the National Institutes of Health(R03 AR062763-01A1)to M.P.and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(81000798)
the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(15ZR14140)to P.L.F.
