小麦专用肥在河南省典型地区的应用效果研究

Application Effect of Wheat Special Fertilizer in Typical Area of Henan Province

河南省小麦单产和总产均居全国首位,然而当地农户施肥量大,且偏施氮肥、忽视磷钾肥现象严重,导致肥料利用率和经济效益较低。为解决这些施肥问题,依据河南省土壤养分供应状况和小麦营养需求规律,并考虑大、中、微量元素养分形态配伍和协同增效,优化肥料配方和生产工艺,开发小麦专用复合肥料,于2017-2018年在河南禹州进行小区试验,测试小麦茎蘖数量、植被归一化指数、干物质积累量和籽粒产量等指标,以验证专用肥应用效果;于2018-2019年在河南禹州、临颍、杞县和温县四个典型地区进行百亩示范田试验。结果表明,与农户习惯施肥相比,专用肥处理养分投入减少,但提高了小麦群体数量和植被归一化指数,从而促进了干物质的积累;且使籽粒产量平均提高9.9%,使经济效益平均提高14.5%,肥料利用效率也有明显提升;此外,专用肥减施20%时,其产量和效益与农户习惯施肥处理基本一致。该小麦专用肥产品节肥增效,适于在河南省各地推广应用。

Wheat yield per unit area and total yield of Henan Province are the first in China.However,the local farmers apply a large amount of fertilization,and they are biased in applying nitrogen fertilizer and neglecting phosphorus and potassium fertilizers,resulting in low fertilizer utilization and economic benefits.In order to solve these fertilization problems,according to the regulation of soil nutrient supply and wheat nutrient demand in Henan Province,we optimized nutritional elements and improved the production process to design a special fertilizer for wheat.The plot test was conducted in 2017-2018 to determine the effect of special fertilizers on the number of stems and vegetation normalization index,dry matter quality,yield and other indicators.And a demonstration was performed in four typical areas in Yuzhou,Linying,Qixian and Wenxian of Henan Province from 2018 to 2019.The results showed that compared with farmers’customary fertilization,the nutrient input under special fertilizer treatment was reduced.Application of special fertilizer increased the number of wheat populations and vegetation normalization index,promoted the accumulation of dry matter and increased wheat yield.Compared with farmers’customary fertilization,the yield and economic benefit under special fertilizer treatment were increased by 9.9%and 14.5%on average,respectively,and the fertilizer utilization efficiency was also significantly improved.In addition,the study found that the yield and benefit of the special fertilizer with 20%reduction were basically consistent with the farmers’customary treatment.The special wheat fertilizer is suitable for popularization and application in various parts of Henan Province.