自动驾驶汽车侵权责任的主体识别及担责形式

Research on the Subject Identification and Responsibility form of Tort Liability for Self-Driving Automobiles

自动驾驶汽车在遇到交通事故侵权责任的认定时,关于其责任承担的主体及形式问题,学界对此争论已久。在比较域外的立法尝试,探索典型学说的适用可能性之后,既要观察到自动驾驶汽车主体说的四个原则性面向,也要认识到当前完全赋予其独立人格的条件尚不具备。同时,应当将自动驾驶汽车的制造商界定为侵权责任的优势风险承担者,以实现受害人的损害救济、风险的合理化分配以及社会成本最小化。由于自动驾驶系统的不可预见性及超越人类驾驶操控的能力将导致产品缺陷认定的模糊,因此有必要从产品缺陷的判断标准和传统困境出发,证成并建构制造商企业责任"共力模式"的现实路径,合理借鉴"风险效用测试"判断制造商的免责条件,并通过保险和基金制度的合理运用,调适现行责任体系,规范自动驾驶汽车的产业发展。

With regard to the tort liability of self-driving automobiles accidents,the academic community has been debated for a long time about subject and form.After comparing the extraterritorial legislative attempt and exploring the applicable possibility of the typical theory,we should observe the four principled faces of the artificial intelligence/self-driving automobiles main body,and realize that the conditions for fully giving it independent personality are not yet available.At the same time,the manufacturer of self-driving automobiles should be defined as the advantageous risk bearer of tort liability,so as to realize the relief for the victim′s damage,rationalize the risk allocation and minimize the social cost.Due to the unpredictability of the automatic driving system and the ability to surpass human driving control,it will lead to ambiguity in product defect identification.Therefore,it is necessary to prove and construct the practical path of"common force mode"of manufacturer’s corporate responsibility from the judgment standard of product defect and traditional dilemma,and reasonably use"risk utility test"for reference to judge the manufacturer’s exemption conditions,and through the rational use of the insurance and fund system.Finally,we adjust the current responsibility system to regulate the development of self-driving automobiles industry.