成都市博物馆发展的过程、特征及空间效应研究

Research on the process,characteristics and spatial effect of the development of Chengdu’s museums

自改革开放以来,中国博物馆发展的制度环境呈现根本变化,探究博物馆发展状况及其与制度环境的关系对于指导博物馆发展、丰富博物馆研究的理论内涵具有重要意义。以成都市为例,采用参与式观察、半结构访谈和文本分析等质性方法,对成都市博物馆发展的过程、特征及空间效应进行系统研究,研究发现:①成都市博物馆主要经历了国有化发展、非国有化发展和产业化发展三个阶段,在数量与类型、规模与等级、功能与产业、迁移与集聚等方面呈现出显著变化。②制度变迁通过改变参与主体及其认知、行为进而作用于博物馆发展,当前参与博物馆发展的主体日渐增多,且其目的、行为与计划经济时期相比转变较大。③成都市国有博物馆发展的空间效应与民办博物馆发展的空间效应差异较大,前者主要是单个国有博物馆对其周边区域的产业类型、用地性质的影响,后者主要为多个民办博物馆通过集聚对整个集聚区的产业与功能结构的影响。

Since the reform and opening-up,the institutional environment for the development of Chinese museums has undergone fundamental changes,from absolute government dominance to encouraging and supporting non-public capital to invest museums.Various social and market subjects have shown great enthusiasm and initiative in participating in the construction and development of museums.Domestic research has rarely systematically sorted out the development and characteristics of museums,and rarely explored the relationship between museum development and institutional environment.However,this work is of great significance for guiding museum development and enriching the theoretical connotation of museum research.Taking Chengdu,the city with the largest number of museums in China,as an example,and using qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviews,this paper systematically studies the development process,characteristics and spatial effects of museums in Chengdu.Results show that:(1)The museum development in Chengdu has experienced three stages,namely nationalization,non-nationalization and industrialization.The key features of museum development include the increasing number,various types,significant differences in the scale and level between state-owned and private nuseums,diverse functions,gradual formation of industrial foundation,and prominent relocation and agglomeration.(2)Institutional change has affected museum development by changing the types of participants and their perceptions and behaviors.Chengdu municipal government regards museums as an essential carrier for the development of cultural industries,and actively promotes the construction of state-owned museums and the gathering of private museums.Companies,which are market-oriented,try to use museums to demonstrate their social responsibility.Collectors and art workers,with strong individuality and subjectivity in their behavior,take museums as a platform for entrepreneurship and cultural creation.(3)The spatial effects of the development of state-owned museums in Chengdu are quite different from those of private ones.The former mainly refers to the influence of a single state-owned museum on the industrial type and land use of its surrounding area,and the latter mainly refers to the impact of the gathering of multiple private museums on the industrial and functional structure of the gathering area.